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The Bombing of Gernika
The episode of Guernica, with all that it represents both in the military and the moral order, seems destined to pass into History as a symbol. A symbol of many things, but chiefly of that capacity for falsehood possessed by the new Machiavellism which threatens destruction to all the ethical hypotheses of civilization. A clear example of the use which can be made of untruth to degrade the minds of those whom one wishes to convince.(Foreign Wings over the Basque Country, 1937)Just after 4 p.m. aeroplanes threw nine bombs in the centre of the town. We were looking after the wounded when more aeroplanes appeared, which began to drop all kinds of bombs, incendiary and explosive. The wild beasts...
Gernika
"On April 26, 1937, a weekly market day, nearly sixty bombers and fighters attacked Gernika. They dropped between 31 and 46 tons of explosive and incendiary bombs on the city center. The desolation was absolute: 85 percent of the buildings in the town were totally destroyed; more than 2,000 people died in an urban area of less than one square kilometer. Lying is inherent to crime. The bombing of Gernika is associated to one of the most outstanding lies of twentieth-century history. Just hours after the destruction of the Basque town, General Franco ordered to attribute authorship of the atrocity to the 'Reds' and that remained the official truth until his death in 1975. Today no one denies t...
A Future Built on Remembrance
Contemporary Basque society can only be understood in connection to the consequentialevents of the fleeting twentieth century. They had a lasting impact onthe psyches of Basques. A clear example of this, in the case of the AutonomousCommunity of the Basque Country (the BAC), is that (parts of ) society still refer tothe period beginning in 1936-or even further back, in 1931-to justify, understand,and explain present-day circumstances.
Gernika, 1937
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Gernika, 1937
On April 26, 1937, a massive aerial attack by German and Italian forces reduced the Basque city of Gernika to rubble and left more than sixteen hundred people dead. Although the assault was initiated as part of a terror bombing campaign by Francoists against Basque Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War, its main intent was to test the effectiveness of the rising German Luftwaffe’s new equipment and strategies. To produce this detailed analysis of the political and military background of the attack and its subsequent international impact, Xabier Irujo examined archives and official government documents in several countries and conducted numerous interviews with Basques who survived...
The Bombing of Gernika
Few events in the history of the world have aroused the passions of the decent, the fair, the peaceful, and the just as much as the brutal terror bombing attack on the Basque town of Gernika. From the decision of the fascist forces to attack the open city, to the horror of the bombing, to its aftermath, this short history tells the terrible events that colored not only the modern history of the Basques, but of all of humanity as it ushered in a new age of warfare.
Charlemagne’s Defeat in the Pyrenees
The Battle of Rencesvals is the one of the most dramatic historical event of the entire eighth century, not only in Vasconia but in Western Europe. This monograph examines the battle as more than a single military encounter, but instead as part of a complex military and political conquest that began after the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and culminated with the creation of the Kingdom of Pamplona in 824. The battle had major (and largely underappreciated) consequences for the internal structure of the Carolingian Empire. It also enjoyed a remarkable legacy as the topic of one of the oldest European epic poems, La Chanson de Roland. The events that took place in the Pyrenean pass of Rencesvals (Errozabal) on 15 August 778 defined the development of the Carolingian world, and lie at the heart of the early medieval contribution to the later medieval period.
Radical Basque Nationalist-Irish Republican Relations
This volume explains the genesis and development of the nexus between radical Basque nationalists and Irish republicans, how they have learnt from each other historically, and how they have utilised this relationship, at times, to their benefit. From medieval tales of shared origins to the violent conflicts largely wrought by ETA and the IRA, the Basque Country and Ireland have long been associated in popular imagination. Despite this, little is known of historical Basque-Irish relations and, in particular, the web of party-political, military and social movement connections between radical Basque nationalists and Irish republicans since the Irish Revolutionary Period (1916–23). Drawing on...
Expelled from the Motherland
"Draws on archival and documentary evidence to describe the presidency and exile of Basque president Jose Antonio Agirre, who led the Basque government-in-exile following the Spanish Civil War"--Provided by publisher.
Living with the Enemy
This book reconstructs the trials and tribulations of the colorful individuals accused of collaboration with the Germans in southwestern France.
