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Medical Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms that colonize or infect humans. It studies the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these microorganisms with practical applications in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases (infectious diseases, infection-related cancer, dysbiosis related diseases, etc.,). In the past two decades, its expansion is essentially due to the great advances in related fields such as immunology, genetics, bioinformatics, science, technology, engineering and mathematics. New scientific knowledge and understanding make possible new applications. Nevertheless, it becomes a challenge due to lack of expertise to analyze fast-growing data and to translate...
The field of global health is expanding rapidly. An increasing number of trainees are studying and working with marginalized populations, often within low and middle-income countries. Such endeavours are beset by ethical dilemmas: mitigating power differentials, addressing cultural differences in how health and illness are viewed, and obtaining individual and community consent in research. This introductory textbook supports students to understand and work through key areas of concern, assisting them in moving towards a more critical view of global health practise. Divided into two sections covering the theory and practice of global health ethics, the text begins by looking at definitions of...
WHO convened a meeting to develop strategic framework for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 24-27 January 2023.
One Health is an emerging concept that aims to bring together human, animal, and environmental health. Achieving harmonized approaches for disease detection and prevention is difficult because traditional boundaries of medical and veterinary practice must be crossed. In the 19th and early 20th centuries this was not the case—then researchers like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch and physicians like William Osler and Rudolph Virchow crossed the boundaries between animal and human health. More recently Calvin Schwabe revised the concept of One Medicine. This was critical for the advancement of the field of epidemiology, especially as applied to zoonotic diseases. The future of One Health is at a crossroads with a need to more clearly define its boundaries and demonstrate its benefits. Interestingly the greatest acceptance of One Health is seen in the developing world where it is having significant impacts on control of infectious diseases.
In livestock species, breeding goals are aimed primarily at improvement of production traits. However, there are a number of examples where selection for high production efficiency has resulted in reduced welfare through unfavorable outcomes in health and fitness characteristics. These effects raise questions about what is ethically acceptable in animal breeding. Welfare problems may be experienced when physiological balance is disturbed by genetic selection for high production alone, by a mismatch between the environmental challenges and the range of coping responses available to an animal, or from a mismatch between the animal’s needs and their degree of satisfaction. This may be resolve...
The parasitic disease leishmaniasis in its various clinical manifestations from self-resolving skin lesion to deadly systemic infection is a serious health problem in many developing countries and is considered to be a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. To date, a vaccine is lacking and strategies to treat severe forms of leishmaniasis efficiently are missing. Basic research using animal models of experimental visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis has allowed to dissect the immune response to parasitic pathogens and has contributed substantially to many important, paradigm-changing insights such as the role of cytokines in helper T-cell differentiation and the impact ...
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