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Detecting Earnings Management
"This paper evaluates alternative models for detecting earnings management. The paper restricts itself to models assuming that the construct being managed is total discretionary accruals, since such models are commonly used in the extant literature on earnings management. Existing models range from simple models in which discretionary accruals are measured as total accruals, to more sophisticated models that seek to separate total accruals into discretionary and non-discretionary components. There is, however, no direct evidence bearing on the relative performance of these alternative models at detecting earnings management. This paper evaluates the relative performance of these models by comparing the specification and power of commonly used statistical tests across the measures of discretionary accruals generated by the models."--Introduction.
The Causes and Consequences of Aggressive Financial Reporting Policies
"The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of firms' information disclosure strategy on firm value. Existing literature has aruged that a firm's disclosure policy can affect firm value. For example, Healy and Palepu (1993) and Lev (1992) argue that management that build a reputation for reliable and timely financial disclosure will reduce information asymmetry problems. This in turn facilitates the firm's ability to issue new capital. In this paper, instead of examining firms that have built reputations for reliable financial disclosures, we examine the converse set of firms. We investigate firms that adopt aggressive financial reporting policies aimed at delaying or hiding bad news concerning their economic circumstances. We investigate two aspects of these firms' choice of disclosure strategy. First, we investigate why the management of these firms choose this strategy and second, we investigate the costs these firms face after they are discovered to have provided unreliable or untimely financial disclosures."--Page 1.
Earnings Management
This book is a study of earnings management, aimed at scholars and professionals in accounting, finance, economics, and law. The authors address research questions including: Why are earnings so important that firms feel compelled to manipulate them? What set of circumstances will induce earnings management? How will the interaction among management, boards of directors, investors, employees, suppliers, customers and regulators affect earnings management? How to design empirical research addressing earnings management? What are the limitations and strengths of current empirical models?
Differential Information Environments and the Relation Between Accounting Amounts and Share Prices
This paper tests and finds strong evidence in support of two hypotheses related to firms' information environments. 1) Firms with stronger information environments have larger market-to-book ratios than firms with weaker information environments, consistent with a lower cost of capital, after controlling for factors identified in prior research as affecting these ratios. 2) Information environments affect the relation between share prices and accounting amounts more for disclosed than recognized amounts. The authors use net pension assets disclosed under SFAS 87 and book value of equity to test the second hypothesis. They use size, number of shareholders, number of analysts, dispersion of analysts' earnings forecasts, exchange listing, number of months listed as a publicly-traded firm, and trading volume as information environment proxies and find they reflect three principle aspects of information environments: investor recognition and information availability, liquidity, and disparity of beliefs.
Speculative Management
In this timely work, Dan Krier examines the relationship between two phenomena that dominated the economic scene in the late twentieth century: the rising power of financial markets and the restructuring of American industry. He argues that corporate governance was transformed during this period into speculative teams of stock-optioned executives and activist owners. These teams encouraged a vigorous restructuring of American industry through corporate buyouts, takeovers, reengineering, and downsizing. Often portrayed in business discourse as initiatives to enhance the efficiency and long-range profitability of industrial operations, these corporate changes were, instead, primarily what Krie...
Trust and Honesty
America's culture is moving in a new and dangerous direction, as it becomes more accepting and tolerant of dishonesty and financial abuse. Tamar Frankel argues that this phenomenon is not new; in fact it has a specific traceable past. During the past thirty years temptations and opportunities to defraud have risen; legal, moral and theoretical barriers to abuse of trust have fallen. She goes on to suggest that fraud and the abuse of trust could have a widespread impact on American economy and prosperity, and argues that the way to counter this disturbing trend is to reverse the culture of business dishonesty. Finally, she presents the following thesis: If Americans have had enough of financial abuse, they can demand of their leaders, of themselves, and of each other more honesty and trust and less cynicism. Americans can reject the actions, attitudes, theories and assumptions that brought us the corporate scandals of the 1990s. Though American society can have "bad apples," and its constituents hold differing opinions about the precise meaning of trust and truth, it can remain honest, as long as it aspires to honesty.
Economic Consequences of Accounting for Stock-based Compensation
This study investigates the economic consequences of the FASB's 1993 Exposure Draft requiring the expensing of employee stock options. We examine (i) a sample of firms in industries that are intensive users of employee stock options; (ii) a sample of firms in an emerging 'high-tech' industry (biotechnology); and (iii) a sample of firms submitting comment letters to the FASB opposing the expensing of employee stock options. Our results indicate that investors do not share corporate America's concerns that expensing employee stock options would have negative economic consequences. Additional tests show that corporate America's opposition to expensing is concentrated in firms that use options extensively for top executives, rather than in firms with high overall levels of option usage.
Economic Consequences of Accounting for Stock-based Compensation
This study examines the potential economic consequences associated with the FASB's 1993 Exposure Draft requiring the expensing of employee stock options. The evidence provides no systematic support for the assertions of corporate America that expensing stock options would increase firms' costs of capital. The authors also find no systematic evidence that expensing employee stock options would engender significant economic consequences through the size and debt hypotheses popularized in the academic literature. However, the evidence is consistent with corporate America's opposition to the expensing of stock options arising from concerns with political costs stemming from high reported levels of top executive compensation.
Analysis of Financial Statements
Financial statements capture and report on four key business activities: planning, financing, investing, and operating activities. To intelligently understand, analyze, and interpret financial statements you must look for the right information, know where to locate it, and then act swiftly on the findings. Analysis of Financial Statements provides the essential concepts and tools needed by analysts who make decisions on the basis of information found in financial statements. This book offers a comprehensive approach to understanding financial statements, from sources of financial information and the three basic types of statements to the various measures that common stock and equity analysts can use to assess a company. Analysis of Financial Statements also includes examples of real world applications from practicing analysts plus review questions at the end of each chapter.
Corporate Finance
This book comprises 19 papers published in the Special Issue entitled “Corporate Finance”, focused on capital structure (Kedzior et al., 2020; Ntoung et al., 2020; Vintilă et al., 2019), dividend policy (Dragotă and Delcea, 2019; Pinto and Rastogi, 2019) and open-market share repurchase announcements (Ding et al., 2020), risk management (Chen et al., 2020; Nguyen Thanh, 2019; Štefko et al., 2020), financial reporting (Fossung et al., 2020), corporate brand and innovation (Barros et al., 2020; Błach et al., 2020), and corporate governance (Aluchna and Kuszewski, 2020; Dragotă et al.,2020; Gruszczyński, 2020; Kjærland et al., 2020; Koji et al., 2020; Lukason and Camacho-Miñano, 2020; Rashid Khan et al., 2020). It covers a broad range of companies worldwide (Cameroon, China, Estonia, India, Japan, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, United States, Vietnam), as well as various industries (heat supply, high-tech, manufacturing).
