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Ice skates made from animal bones were used in Europe for millennia before metal-bladed skates were invented. Archaeological sites have yielded thousands of examples, some of them dating to the Bronze Age. They are often mentioned in popular books on the Vikings and sometimes appear in children's literature. Even after metal skates became the norm, people in rural areas continued to use bone skates into the early 1970s. Today, bone skates help scientists and re-enactors understand migrations and interactions among ancient peoples. This book explains how to make and use them and chronicles their history, from their likely invention in the Eurasian steppes to their disappearance in the modern era.
Initially conceived as an attempt to disprove the idea that cowrie shells served as currency during the period of the Hungarian invasion in the Carpathian basin (10th century AD), this study has grown into somehting much larger.
The Huns are part of Europe's rich history. The direct Hunnic impact on Europe as it stood around 370 was massive. Attila is one of the few names from antiquity that is still instantly recognised. Three famous experts on the Huns - Otto Maenchen-Helfen (1973), Edward Thompson (1948, 1996), and Mischa Meier (2020) - contributed significantly to our knowledge, but they failed to answer the five most important questions on Attila and the Huns: - Which was the native country of the Huns? - Where are the capitals and tombs of Attila's royal ancestors - Uldin, Charaton, and Ruga? - Where did Attila's decisive Battle of the Catalaunian Plains really take place? - Where is Attila's lost capital? - Where is Attila's legendary tomb with his fabled Sword of Mars? This book provides answers to each of these five questions, while also solving other mysteries - the identity of the enigmatic river Drecon, the name of the village of Attila's sister-in-law, and the true course of Attila's Gallic campaign in 451 and his Italian campaign in 452.
The Vandals is the first book available in the EnglishLanguage dedicated to exploring the sudden rise and dramatic fallof this complex North African Kingdom. This complete historyprovides a full account of the Vandals and re-evaluates key aspectsof the society including: Political and economic structures such as the complexforeign policy which combined diplomatic alliances and marriageswith brutal raiding The extraordinary cultural development of secular learning,and the religious struggles that threatened to tear the stateapart The nature of Vandal identity from a social and genderperspective.
This book is dedicated to an outstanding architectural monument of medieval Armenia – the church of the Holy Cross, built in the tenth century on the island of Ałt‘amar on Lake Van, and a UNESCO world heritage site. This jewel of architecture has been researched mainly from an art historical perspective. The current multi-author volume offers diverse studies aimed at placing the construction of the church in its proper historical, political, religious, and spiritual context. It explores the intellectual climate in the Kingdom of Vaspurakan during the reign of its founder, King Gagik Arcruni, the Kingdom’s relations with Byzantium and the Abbasids, analyzes local historiography, biblic...
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The Cumans are known to history as nomadic, mounted warriors. Some arrived in the Hungarian Kingdom in the mid-thirteenth century seeking asylum, eventually settling and integrating. This study collects historical, ethnographic and archaeological information on the animal husbandry aspect of the development of the Cuman population in Hungary.