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Habab polity was, within living memory, one of a lord (Shumagalle) and serf (Tigre) relationship. In the 1870s/1880s, the Habab were subjected to pressures from the strong characters ruling in the surrounding lands: Ras Alula in the Hamasien, the Mahdist Emir Osman Digna, Colonel Kitchener, Governor of the Anglo-Egyptian enclave of Suakin, and in Massaua the Egyptians and later the Italians. In 1887, the Kantibai of the Habab signed a treaty of Protection with the Italians. In the period from 1887 to 1895, the Habab, in a fraught process, had to come to terms with the European concept of sovereignty. Anthony D'Avray's work is primarily based on documents left by Italian administrators based at Nakfa in Eritrea in the late 19th century. They reported matters of current importance, and also the extensive oral traditions of the Habab and other peoples of the Red Sea coasts. Other primary sources, notably from the Public Record Office in London supplement the Nakfa documents.
Anyone interested in the history of Eritrea, Ethiopia, or Italian and British Imperialism will learn much from this book. It gives the full texts of the treasure-house of unpublished documents on which the same author's Lords of the Red Sea was based. These documents were produced at the end of the 19th century by the Italian administrators in Eritrea who dealt with the local nomads. These young officers became intrigued by the society and history of the highly developed Habab tribe, even as they became part of that history, replacing loose hegemony with direct sovereignty. Their records document not only their own important role in the "Scramble for Africa" but also the whole culture and historical memory of a fascinating society.
Milestones in the History of Islam in Eritrea is an attempt to explore the key markers of the Eritrean Islamic history. The book surveys the impacts of the early Muslim migrants, the rise of the Dahlak Sultanate, the aftereffects of the advances of Imam Ahmed Gragn, the Ottoman conquest, the emergence of the semi-autonomous Naib dynasty and the spread of Islam among the Beja tribes. The book also discusses the pivotal roles of the religious families and Sufi orders, the effects of King Yohannes IV forced conversion edict and the colonial occupation. It concludes with a discussion on the rise of Islamic institutions and the adverse impacts of the dissolution of the UN Federal Act.
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The African Red Sea Littoral, currently divided between Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Djibouti, is one of the poorest regions in the world. But the pastoralist communities indigenous to this region were not always poor—historically, they had access to a variety of resources that allowed them to prosper in the harsh, arid environment. This access was mediated by a robust moral economy of pastoralism that acted as a social safety net. Steven Serels charts the erosion of this moral economy, a slow-moving process that began during the Little Ice Age mega-drought of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and continued through the devastating famines of the twentieth century. By examining mass sedentarization after the Second World War as merely the latest manifestation of an inter-generational environmental and economic crisis, this book offers an innovative lens for understanding poverty in northeastern Africa.
An indispensable guide to how marriage acquired the status of a sacrament. This book analyzes in detail how medieval theologians explained the place of matrimony in the church and her law, and how the bitter debates of the sixteenth century elevated the doctrine to a dogma of the Catholic faith.
Examines how thirteenth-century clergymen used pastoral care - preaching, sacraments and confession - to increase their parishioners' religious knowledge, devotion and expectations.
The quality of a scholarly presentation at least in the humanities and social sciences depends entirely on the availability of documentation. Though Menilek's era is one of the fortunate periods in this respect, some aspects are nonetheless more thinly substantiated than others and, hence, fresh documents can certainly enrich our knowledge. Most of the ministerial papers of Menilek's government were lost in the decades that followed his fatal illness. But some have survived, thank State Councillor Alfred Ilg. During his 28-years' uninterrupted service to the Ethiopian government, Bitwaddad Ilg collected and preserved papers of all kinds - letters, contracts, concession papers, proclamations, certificates of merit and appointments as well as receipts and notes - from which the 312 documents contained in the present volume have been culled. The facsimiles are accompanied by an English translation, introduction, annotation and index.
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