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The Baltic fogging battalions 1942-1945
The appearance of the air weapon on the battlefields required major states to find with the utmost urgency countermeasures to deal effectively with the new threat. The Royal Army established on July 1, 1923, within the Engineer Corps, the Military Chemical Service. And within the same, among the specialized battalions established and trained by the Chemical Regiment were the fog battalions. The task of the units belonging to the fog battalions, was to obscure the target from the view of the crews of enemy aircraft, sent to carry out bombing actions, by the formation of an artificial fog. Fog Units were initially deployed in the immediate vicinity of sensitive targets, later extending their deployment in depth, even kilometers, around the area to be protected, due to the increased intensity and precision of the air offensive. Among the most famous were the reparts sent to the Baltic area at the German allies.
The Axis Forces 14
In this issue we start with an article dedicated to the use of the SS Totenkopf division on the Western Front in the spring of 1940. This is followed by the history of the bersaglieri (light infantry) units of the Italian Social Republic, in particular of the “Italia Division” with many unpublished photos. The biography of this issue is dedicated to one of the most important characters in the history of Waffen SS, Paul Hasser. We continue with the second part of the article dedicated to the recruitment of the Cossacks into the German armed forces and finally we close with an interesting article dedicated to the Panzerfaust, the deadly German anti-tank weapon.
Bulgarian armoured units
Having been defeated in the First World War, Bulgaria, as a result of the implementation of peace treaty clauses, could not purchase tanks until the early 1930s. Due to the lack of industrialisation, it was forced to turn to the countries that were the main producers of armoured vehicles at that time. Thus, the CV33 fast tanks were purchased from Italy, the Vickers Mk. E from England and the LT vz. 35. After the first units were established, thanks to Germany, into whose sphere of influence Bulgaria had entered, French wartime French tanks, the Renault R35, and new Czechoslovak tanks were purchased. In 1943, with the establishment of the Bronirana Brigada, Panzer IVs and StuG IIIs arrived. In 1944, after the coup d'état, Bulgaria changed allegiance and joined the Red Army in the liberation of Yugoslavia and Hungary, fighting the Germans with its armoured units until the end of the conflict in May 1945.
The divisions of the army of the R.S.I. 1943-1945 – Vol. 2
The goal that we have set ourselves with this series of two volumes, written by four hands, is to give an overall picture of the Divisions formed by the Army of the R.S.I. on the departments employed in the fight against the partisans by the Republican National Army, starting from the last months of 1943, offering a purely military point of view, free from judgments of any kind. The intention to “continue the war” had always been present since the beginning of autumn 1943 in the military authorities of the Social Republic. In the course of talks, three Mussolini and Hitler agreed to form a new fascist army, which, in the intentions of the Fuhrer, was to be composed of an army of 10/15 Divisions. In reality only 4 were planned and formed by the Republican National Army: 1st Bersaglieri Division “Italia”, 2nd Grenadiers Division “Littorio”, 3rd Marine Infantry Division “San Marco”, 4th Alpine Division “Monterosa”. This second volume is dedicated to the “San Marco” Division, which operated in Liguria and Garfagnana, against the Allies, until the end of the conflict, and to the “Monterosa” Alpine Division.
M.D.T. - TERRITORIAL DEFENSE MILITIA AND CIVIC GUARDS IN THE O.Z.A.K. 1943-1945
With the proclamation of the Armistice, the whole territory that included Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the Provinces of Ljubljana and Istria, considered of vital importance for the communication lines and for the supply of the German Army in Italy, was absorbed by the Reich, under the jurisdictional form of the so-called Zone of Operations of the Adriatic Coast (O.Z.A.K.). The government of the R.S.I. attempted to restore its authority in the O.Z.A.K. even in the military field, but German interference was always fierce. The reconstituted Legions of the M.V.S.N. were prevented to join the G.N.R. and the Germans imposed on these units the denomination of Territorial Defense Militia (Milizia Difesa Territoriale M.D.T.), formally part of the G.N.R., but autonomous in the reality. The M.D.T. was configured as a "Landschutz", that is a defense unit of the territory. In parallel, the Prefect Coceani and the Podestà Pagnini promoted the establishment of a self-defense unit, the Civic Guard, in Trieste, an example followed in other cities in the region.
The divisions of the army of the R.S.I. 1934-1945
The goal we have set ourselves with this series of four volumes, written in four hands, is to give an overall picture of the Divisions formed by the Army of the R.S.I. to the departments used in the fight against the partisans by the Republican National Army, starting from the last months of 1943, offering a purely military point of view, free from judgments of any kind. The purpose of "continuing the war" had always been present since the beginning of autumn 1943 in the military authorities of the Social Republic. During talks between three Mussolini and Hitler it was agreed to form a new fascist army, which, in the intentions of the Fuhrer, was to be made up of an army of 10/15 divisions. In reality, only 4 were planned and formed by the Republican National Army: 1st Bersaglieri Division "Italy", 2nd Grenadiers Division "Littorio", 3rd Marine Division "San Marco", 4th Alpine Division "Monterosa". This first volume is dedicated to the Division “Italy”, which operated on the southern front in Garfagnana, against the Allies, until the end of the conflict.
The Axis Forces 23
We begin with a long and interesting work on the use of the Totenkopf division during the Zitadelle operation launched by the Germans to eliminate the dangerous Kursk salient. Then follows the biography of Fritz von Scholz, an officer who first served in the Wiking division and then commanded the Nordland division. We continue with the formation and use of the Italian Army on the Eastern front, a topic that we will also deal with in the upcoming issues. Speaking of Axis volunteer formations, we begin with this issue an in-depth study of the history of Swedish volunteers enlisted in the Waffen-SS. We close with the formation of the Hitlerjugend division.
Armored units of the Baltic republics Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania
After declaring independence in 1918, the fledgling armed forces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania managed to defeat the Red Army. During the war, the first armored units were formed, equipped with vehicles conquered from the enemy or handed over by the British. After the conflict, those initial departments were strengthened with the purchase of tanks and armored cars, to form armored-armored components subsequently incorporated by the Soviets in 1940, after the annexation to the Soviet Union.
The Axis Forces 21
In this issue: we begin with the deployment of the Wiking Division in the Caucasus regions in the summer of 1942. Following is the biography of Bruno Hinz, an SS officer, who served first in the Wiking Division and then in the Götz von Berlichingen. We continue with the employment of the Italian volunteers who served in the Waffen SS on the Nettuno front in the spring of 1944. We then return to talk about the Polizei Division, dealing with its operational employment on the Leningrad front between the summer of 1942 and January 1943. We conclude with an article dedicated to the Legionary War Cross, intended for French volunteers who fought on the Eastern Front alongside the German armed forces.
The Finnish armored units
After gaining independence in 1917, Finland fell into a three-month civil war, at the end of which the front formed by republicans, conservatives and monarchists put socialist and communist opponents to flight. Thus began the constitution of the Finnish Army (Suomen Armeija), based on conscription and, unfortunately, poorly armed. The Finnish Armored Corps can trace its origin back to 1919, when the Tank Regiment was formed on July 15, with FT-17 tanks. Between the First and Second World Wars, the Finnish army made an effort to modernize its armored forces, acquiring assets from abroad and reorganizing its structure several times. The Finnish armored units took part in 3 major conflicts: the Winter War (1939-40), the Continuation War (1941-1944) and the Lapland War (1944-45).
