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Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Economic Growth
Christine Greenhalgh explains the complex process of innovation & how it sustains the growth of firms, industries & economies, combining microeconomic & macroeconomic analysis.
Innovative Behavior of Minorities, Women, and Immigrants
The relationship between the innovative behavior and the minority status, gender, and immigration status of, for example, owners, directors, principal investigators, and project managers has only begun to be explored, especially within and among entrepreneurial organizations. Data limitations are certainly one culprit for the paucity of research in this area, but also the economics literature has been slow to move from a technical capital (i.e., investments in R&D) to an innovative behavior focus to an alternative focus that examines the relationship between dimensions of human capital of those who are involved with R&D investments and resulting innovative behavior. The chapters in this edited volume advance this body of thought. These chapters represent foundational research for a nature versus nurture discussion as it relates to innovative behavior, especially a discussion that considers the innovative behavior within and among entrepreneurial organizations. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Economics of Innovation and New Technology.
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The Determinants of Patent Applications Outcomes - Does Experience Matter?.
The aim of this paper is to study the determinants of the outcomes of patent applications (withdrawal, refusal or grant). The application process at the European Patent O[cent] ce is modelled in three stages, using a Trivariate Probit model with double selectivity correction in order to test whether the applicants patenting history has an eect on the outcome of the current application. I investigate the behavior of the applicant after the patent o[cent] ce has established the "state of the art", a precondition to an invention being patentable. The main results are (i) rms with large patents portfolios act following a "trial and error" strategy, by applying for large numbers of patents and thereafter waiting for the patent o[cent] ce s nal decision when the expected probability of grant is high, (ii) the technological importance of a patent is a crucial determinant of a successful application grant, (iii) a withdrawal is to be regarded as an expected refusal, since applicants tend to withdraw their applications when there is evidence that the inventions cannot be considered to be novel or to involve an inventive step. patents, intellectual property rights.
