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This report focusses on the application of the NL-CAT model, a combination of the SWAP (unsaturated zone/groundwater-flow), ANIMO (nutrient processes and flow), and SWQN (surface water quantity) and the NuswaLite surface water quality model (SWQL), on 6 European catchments (Vecht, Enza, Ouse, Vansjo-Hobol, Zelivka and Odense catchments). A description of the model setup and discretisation of all catchments is presented. Soil balances are presented in terms of nutrient input, nutrient off-take by crops, nutrient turnover processes like accumulation in soils (mineral and organic), denitrification and nutrient discharges to deeper groundwater and surface waters. Finally retention in the surface water is calculated for each catchment on catchment scale. Furthermore the results of a scenario analysis on two catchments, Enza and Zelivka, are presented.
In this thoroughly updated edition, Lehne takes a comparative approach, evaluating the U.S. political economy with respect to those of Great Britain, Germany, Japan, and the EU. The book provides detailed historical context for, and a conceptual understanding of, the business-government environment, and then clari?es the roles of the major actors and outlines the regulatory and policy frameworks. Along the way, Lehne probes some of the most crucial dilemmas facing government and business today.
This open access book highlights the complexities around making adaptation decisions and building resilience in the face of climate risk. It is based on experiences in sub-Saharan Africa through the Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) applied research programme. It begins by dealing with underlying principles and structures designed to facilitate effective engagement about climate risk, including the robustness of information and the construction of knowledge through co-production. Chapters then move on to explore examples of using climate information to inform adaptation and resilience through early warning, river basin development, urban planning and rural livelihoods based in a variety of contexts. These insights inform new ways to promote action in policy and praxis through the blending of knowledge from multiple disciplines, including climate science that provides understanding of future climate risk and the social science of response through adaptation. The book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate students and postgraduate students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners in geography, environment, international development and related disciplines.