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Memory Systems of the Addicted Brain: The Underestimated Role of Drug-Induced Cognitive Biases in Addiction and Its Treatment
Drug addiction may be viewed as a form of learning during which strong associations linking actions to drug-seeking are expressed as persistent stimulus–response habits, thereby maintaining a vulnerability to relapse. Disrupting cue–drug memory could be an efficient strategy to reduce the strength of cues in motivating drug-taking behavior. Upon reactivation, these memories undergo a reconsolidation process that can be blocked pharmacologically, providing an opportunity to prevent the powerful control of drug cues on behavior. This conceptually elegant approach still calls for more experimental data. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that drug taking not only accelerates h...
How Fear and Stress Shape the Mind
The experience of fear and stress leaves an indelible trace on the brain. This indelible trace is observed as both changes in behavior and changes in neuronal structure and function. Fear and stress interact on many levels. The experience of stress may lead to the formation of a fearful memory trace of a place or reminder cue, and fearful memory formation is regulated by the extent of concurrent stress. The concurrent experience of fear and stress may amplify fear and slow fear extinction which may lead to pathology. Fear memory formation involves changes in synaptic plasticity while stress and glucocorticoids change neuronal structure. Thus, both neurons and synapses are changed. These changes can be identified, visualised and mapped within focused microcircuits. In this Research Topic we focus on current advances in both the neurobiology and behavioral consequences of fear and stress.
The Memory Illusion
Think you have a good memory? Think again. Memories are our most cherished possessions. We rely on them every day of our lives. They make us who we are. And yet the truth is they are far from being the accurate record of the past we like to think they are. True, we can all admit to having suffered occasional memory lapses, such as entering a room and immediately forgetting why, or suddenly being unable to recall the name of someone we've met dozens of times. But what if our minds have the potential for more profound errors, that enable the manipulation or even outright fabrication of our memories? In The Memory Illusion, forensic psychologist and memory expert Dr Julia Shaw uses the latest r...
Behavioral Models in Stress Research
Stress is an adaptive response that has developed throughout evolution, and is associated with multiple changes in the biochemistry, histology and physiology of an organism. As stress may induce or contribute to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, the rigorous investigation of the neural substrates of stress has become a critical endeavour of contemporary biomedical science. This book explores the physiological responses that researchers have attempted to assess in stress-evoked behavioural changes, using both human and animal "experimental" models in clinical and non-clinical research. Though all aspects of the field have their challenges, animal experimental research of stress is a particularly difficult but meaningful task. This book provides succinct and relevant summaries of progress in the area of assessing stress response and the conditions contributing to it.
Biologie de la mémoire
C’est grâce à la mémoire que nous nous rappelons qui nous sommes, qui sont nos proches, où nous habitons, ce que nous devons faire aujourd’hui... C’est grâce à elle que nous parlons plusieurs langues, que nous fredonnons des chansons, que nous conduisons notre voiture sans y penser et que nous retrouvons nos clefs. Et lorsqu’elle s’effondre, nous en perdons notre identité. Dans ce livre complet et limpide, Georges Chapouthier, l’un de nos meilleurs spécialistes, fait la synthèse de ce que nous avons appris ces trente dernières années sur les différents types de mémoire et sur la mosaïque de leurs mécanismes moléculaires. Il montre aussi que la mémoire a partie liée avec l’anxiété. Georges Chapouthier, directeur de recherche au CNRS, anime une équipe du laboratoire « Vulnérabilité, adaptation et psychopathologie » à l’hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière de l’université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie. Il a publié L’Homme, ce singe en mosaïque.
Falske minner
Vi er helt avhengige av hukommelsen vår for å fungere. Og minnene våre gjør oss til den vi er. Men kan vi stole på dem? Det er helt normalt å glemme lyspærene man skulle kjøpt eller navnet på naboen. Men hva når et nøkkelvitne i en rettssak husker fullstendig feil? I Falske minner forklarer Julia Shaw hvordan hukommelsen vår faktisk fungerer. Hun viser hvordan den er utstyrt med alvorlige svakheter som gjør at minnene våre lett forandrer seg. Eller enda verre, at nye og falske minner kan oppstå eller regelrett plantes i hukommelsen vår. Shaw viser at den menneskelige hukommelsen både er svikefull og imponerende raffinert. Den samler, lagrer og kobler sammen minnene på en så kompleks måte at vi knapt kan forestille oss det. Hvis vi lærer mer om hvordan hukommelsen fungerer, kan vi også lære oss å bruke den mye bedre. Julia Shaw er psykolog og ekspert på hukommelsen – spesielt falske minner. Hun er forsker ved University College London, og jobber også med rettspsykologi. Boken hennes er solgt til 15 land.
Anxiety
Although everybody had and will experience anxiety, its intensity, frequency and characteristics may vary from what can be considered as "normal" to pathological. The development of benzodiazepine as anxiolytics has been a major step firstly in therapeutics and secondly in the understanding of the associated biological mechanisms. Recently, new drugs without secondary effects of benzodiazepines have been developed. The purpose of the book was to take stock of the present knowledge: clinical aspects of pathological anxiety, neurobiological mechanisms associated with stress and anxiety, molecular targets of potent anxiolytic drugs, new issues and directions.
