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A maverick economist explains how protectionism makes nations rich, free trade keeps them poor---and how rich countries make sure to keep it that way. Throughout history, some combination of government intervention, protectionism, and strategic investment has driven successful development everywhere from Renaissance Italy to the modern Far East. Yet despite the demonstrable success of this approach, development economists largely ignore it and insist instead on the importance of free trade. Somehow, the thing that made rich nations rich supposedly won't work on poor countries anymore. Leading heterodox economist Erik Reinert's invigorating history of economic development shows how Western ec...
Muriel Spark's bracingly salty memoir is a no-holds-barred trip through an extraordinary writer's life.
Excerpt from Sketch of the History of the High Constables of Edinburgh: With Notes on the Early Watching, Cleaning, and Other Police Arrangements of the City My Dear Sir, I now offer you my "Sketch of the History of the High Constables of Edinburgh." When, a few weeks after your election to the Moderatorship of the Society in the winter of 1862, I undertook to prepare this sketch, 1 had little idea of the nature or extent of the work which it involved. But an investigation of the records of the Town Council shewed, not only that the Constables were of considerably greater antiquity than was supposed, but were so largely associated with the watching, cleaning, and. other police arrangements o...
Professor Devitt offers a new view of the linguistic process of standardization, the movement of specific language features towards uniformity. Drawing on theoretical arguments and empirical data, she examines the way in which linguistic conformity develops out of variation, and the textual and social factors that influence this process. After defining and clarifying the general theoretical issues involved, the author takes as a specific case study the standardization of written English in Scotland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and shows that standardization is a gradual process, that it occurs at significantly different rates and times in different genres, that it encompasses periods of great variation, and that it occurs concurrently with sociopolitical shifts. The interrelationship of linguistic features, genres, and social pressures shape the nature and direction of standardization.
On John Constable as a proto-abstractionist of pastoral landscape One of Britain's greatest landscape painters, John Constable was brought up in Dedham Vale, the valley of the River Stour in Suffolk. The eldest son of a wealthy mill owner, he entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1800 at the age of 24, and thereafter committed himself to painting nature out of doors. His "six-footers," such as The Hay Wainand The Leaping Horse, were designed to promote landscape as a subject and to stand out in the Academy's Annual Exhibition. Despite this, he sold few paintings in his lifetime and was elected a Royal Academician late in his career. With texts by leading authorities on the artist, this handso...
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