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Official Gazette
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Intestinal Microbiome: Functional Aspects in Health and Disease
The intestinal microbiome is especially important during the first thousand days of life. Exposure to microbes in utero significantly impacts fetal development, in part through epigenetic processes and in part through hormonal influences which cause a change in the mother's intestinal microbiome. The nature of delivery and perinatal antibiotic treatment, as well as diet (especially in the postpartum period), can also influence initial microbial colonization and the development of appropriate intestinal defense mechanisms. These, in turn, can affect the expression of allergy, autoimmune disease, and brain function, among other things, later in life. The first part of this publication focuses on the development of the human microbiome in utero and the importance of normal colonization of the newborn gut in immune development and disease prevention. The second section deals with the normal development of gut microbiota and with clinical conditions associated with dysbiosis. The final chapters cover various aspects of human milk evolution and oligosaccharides.
Cause Lawyering
Why do some lawyers devote themsevles to a specific social movement or political cause? What can we learn from such lawyers about the relationship between law and politics. CAUSE LAWYERING offers an insightful portrait of lawyers who sacrifice financial advantage in the name of a more just society. These telling essays show how cause lawyering is indispensable to the legitimization of professional authority.
The Quiet Revolution
As if by unseen signal toward the end of the 1980s, many Latin American governments suddenly transferred money and decision-making power to local municipalities. At the same time, national authorities allowed local governments to choose their leaders in free and open elections. The resulting revolution has been profound in its reach and stunning in the silent shift of power from central to local authorities.The Quiet Revolution traces the growth and effects of decentralization and democratization in Latin America throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Based on first-hand accounts from mayors, local officials, and neighborhood leaders, Tim Campbell focuses on those cities and towns that made the most of their new intergovernmental arrangements. He further argues that the reforms, which are vital to long-term sustainable growth in the region, are in danger of being smothered by current policy responses from national and international institutions. Campbell's research, conducted over a ten-year span, counters conventional wisdom about the role of development banks in the process of state reform and offers timely insights into similar events taking place in other parts of the world.
Clearinghouse Review
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Selection for 42-day Weight in Mice on High and Low Fiber Diets
Direct and correlated responses were determined in two lines of mice (L1 and L2) selected for increased 42- day weight on two diets; L1 on D1, a commercial laboratory ration (PLC) and L2 on D2, a ration consisting of 70% PLC and 30% nonnutritive bulk. After 3 generations eight females from each of the original lines were transferred to the opposite diet forming four subgroups. For the next 5 generations sires were selected only from original lines, each being bred to females from his line on both diets. Traits measured were individual weights at weaning, 42 and 60 days; litter size at birth and at weaning and total litter weight at 42 days. L1 females were heavier on both diets and pupped larger litters due to a positive effect of maternal weight on litter size. L2 surpassed L1 for weaning weight, litter size at weaning, and litter weight at 42 days. L1 individuals were heavier at 42 and 60 days on both diets. Diet X line interaction approached significance (P
