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Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Schemes for Economies in Transition
Inspired by the current Polish economic restructuring program, this paper attempts to develop a general income support scheme that could serve as a model to alleviate poverty in developed economies in the transitional phase. The proposed scheme has the advantage that no part of the poor population is omitted from eligibility for support sufficient to remove them from poverty. The concept of the simplified model is protection against poverty through income maintenance that is conditional upon fulfillment of forward-looking requirements such as workfare, training or job search. Further, the scheme considers methods whereby limited national resources can be managed by official policies that combine into a coherent, cost-effective package, an optimal mix of income guarantee levels and incentive effects.
Partnership Transitions and Mothers' Employment
This report explores the relationship between having a partner and work participation. It focuses on changes in relationship status and changes in work participation for mothers, based on data from the British Household Panel Survey and the Families and Children Study, from 1991 to 2006.
Substitute Parents
From a comparative perspective, human life histories are unique and raising offspring is unusually costly: humans have relatively short birth intervals compared to other apes, childhood is long, mothers care simultaneously for many dependent children (other apes raise one offspring at a time), infant mortality is high in natural fertility/mortality populations, and human females have a long post-reproductive lifespan. These features conspire to make child raising very burdensome. Mothers frequently defray these costs with paternal help (not usual in other ape species), although this contribution is not always enough. Grandmothers, elder siblings, paid allocarers, or society as a whole, help to defray the costs of childcare, both in our evolutionary past and now. Studying offspring care in a various human societies, and other mammalian species, a wide range of specialists such as anthropologists, psychologists, animal behaviorists, evolutionary ecologists, economists and sociologists, have contributed to this volume, offering new insights into and a better understanding of one of the key areas of human society.
