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International Energy Investment Law
This book analyses relational contract theory within the context of international energy investment agreements. Putting forth an exhaustive assessment of the field, the book provides a pragmatic resolution to the challenges inherent in the relationship between host states and foreign investors. Addressing critical queries confronting legal practitioners, arbitrators, judges, and scholars grappling with contractual imbalances, including the looming threat of expropriation, the book offers comprehensive insights. Balancing the interests of both host states and investors, the volume discusses global case studies which have proven to be efficacious and proposes a solution grounded in existing legal doctrines and practices. The book will be of interest to researchers in the field of energy law, international investment law, and contract theory and law.
Polymer Electrolytes
A comprehensive overview of the main characterization techniques of polymer electrolytes and their applications in electrochemical devices Polymer Electrolytes is a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the characterization and applications of polymer electrolytes. The authors ? noted experts on the topic ? discuss the various characterization methods, including impedance spectroscopy and thermal characterization. The authors also provide information on the myriad applications of polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells and electrochromic windows. Over the past three decades, researchers have been developing new polymer electrolytes...
Catalysis
Looking at modern approaches to catalysis, this volume reviews the extensive literature published on this area. Chapter highlights include Fenton chemistry, advanced manufacturing in heterogeneous catalysis, membrane reactors for light alkane dehydrogenation, and new insights and enhancement of biocatalysts for biomass conversion in the bioproducts industry. Appealing to researchers in academia and industry, the detailed chapters bridge the gap from academic studies in the laboratory to practical applications in industry, not only for the catalysis field, but also for environmental protection. The book will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.
Activated Carbon
Activated carbon has long been used for filtering contaminants, thanks to its large surface area for adsorption. This, and other properties has led to a growing interest in activated carbon and a broader range of applications. This book explores the various forms of activated carbon, detailing how they can be prepared and characterised. The editors bring together a global team of authors from industry and academia. Their contributions include environmental and medical applications, as well as various industries. Future directions are also considered. The editors are at the Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. They present an up-to-date and comprehensive reference aimed at all career levels in chemistry and materials science, engineering and research across the diverse industries finding a use for activated carbon.
Emerging Nanomaterials
Bio-based materials, including those containing wood, will become increasingly important as we move to a bio-based economy. Among their many attributes, it is vitally important that these materials are renewable, sustainable with proper management and environmentally benign. Wood remains one of our most important bio-based materials. While it is an amazing material, wood still has negative attributes and drawbacks that can affect performance, including dimensional instability when wetted, vulnerability to fire and high temperatures, and susceptibility to biodeterioration. A variety of treatments have been developed to overcome these weaknesses. Among the most exciting of these treatments are...
Impact of Heavy Metals on the Environment
Highlighted in this compilation of papers is the role and importance of heavy metals in the environment. It provides up-to-date information in a field of active research and progress, where the focus is on effects and interactions between the environment and organisms, as well as contaminant dynamics. Several papers address the impact of heavy metals on our health. The influence of metals on plants is described in an exhaustive study on lichens, which have been widely used as biomonitors for environmental contamination by heavy metals. Metals are also accumulated by animals, as seen in a chapter which focusses on sediment/benthic organism interactions and biomonitoring in fish. Soil interactions are discussed, as well as regional studies of freshwater sediments and the marine environment. The final part of the book addresses a crucial problem: the management of stabilized municipal waste sludges. As a result, the most important and significant recent trends are included, emphasizing interactions with and impacts of heavy metals on humans, animals, plants and soils.
Chitin and Chitosan
Offers a comprehensive guide to the isolation, properties and applications of chitin and chitosan Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications presents a comprehensive review of the isolation, properties and applications of chitin and chitosan. These promising biomaterials have the potential to be broadly applied and there is a growing market for these biopolymers in areas such as medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, agricultural, textile, cosmetics, nanoparticles and more. The authors – noted experts in the field – explore the isolation, characterization and the physical and chemical properties of chitin and chitosan. They also examine their properties such as hydrogels, immunomod...
Rights Denied: Violations against ethnic and religious minorities in Iran
While the repression and human rights violations by the Iranian government are well documented, less attention is paid to the specific situation of Iran’s ethnic and religious minorities. From hate speech and police intimidation to denial of fundamental rights and opportunities, Iran’s minorities are routinely denied equal access to justice, education, employment and political participation. While Iran’s Constitution guarantees religious freedoms, it only extends these rights to Islam and three other recognized religions – Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism – leaving practitioners of other faiths, including Bahá’í, Sabean-Mandaeans and Yarsanis, with no guaranteed protect...
