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In recent years, with the significant improvement of ovarian stimulation regimens, embryo cryopreservation and thawing techniques, the frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) procedure has gained more popularity in assisted reproductive technology (ART) than fresh embryo transfer. In general, the success of FET depends on the quality of embryo, receptivity of uterine, and synchronization between embryo and endometrium. Therefore, it is of particular importance to determine the optimal timing to perform FET, known as the "window of implantation".
Pregnancy is central to mammals’ life, growth and development. A successful pregnancy is a fundamental step in a healthy life. A healthy pregnancy is not the only prerequisite for species survival and existence but also crucial for the growth and development of livestock and agriculture sectors, as in dairy and beef animals. Studies on developmental biology and developmental endocrinology have a long history of tackling the issue related to pregnancy failure and fertility. The continuous invention and new technologies have contributed to developmental biology and endocrinology research.
Pediatric - adolescent endocrinology and gynecology are entering a new era. Whole exome sequencing approaches with targeted gene panels have become widely available even for prenatal screening, leading to the elucidation of genetic etiologies in endocrine and gynecological diseases and opening the road for genetic precision medicine and the development of specific therapies. The transition from the end of puberty to the attainment of an adult phenotype may be a very long way - up to 10 years or even longer. Meanwhile, conventional approaches to hormone deficiencies are rapidly changing, as are the options for treatment of sexual precocity and infertility. Commercially available rLH/rFSH preparations in the form of pens - used mainly for fertility induction in women – are now being investigated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, aiming to a physiological replacement therapy not only at puberty, but also to the replacement of the missing mini-puberty - crucially important for fertility and the very essence of the male-sex identity itself. Furthermore, they provide an alternative to surgery especially for bilateral cryptorchidism, preserving future fertility.
At present, less than 30% of researchers worldwide are women. Long-standing biases and gender stereotypes are discouraging girls and women away from science-related fields, and STEM research in particular. Science and gender equality are, however, essential to ensure sustainable development as highlighted by UNESCO. In order to change traditional mindsets, gender equality must be promoted, stereotypes defeated, and girls and women should be encouraged to pursue STEM careers.
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