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Gravity and Geoid
Recognizing the increasing importance of the role of gravity and the geoid, and con sidering the substantial synergistic effects which result from close cooperation, the International Gravity Commission and the International Geoid Commission, both scientific bodies of the International Association of Geodesy, decided to hold a Joint Meeting under the common topic "Gravity and Geoid" in Graz, Austria, from Sept. 11 - 17, 1994. The earth's gravity field is increasingly attracting the attention of the geosciences for many reasons. As a response of the earth's internal mass distribution, it significantly helps us to understand the structure of the earth and its dynamics. On the other hand, the earth's gravity field controls the orbits of satellites and is of paramount im portance for accurate orbit prediction'. For geodesy the geoid, representing the gravity field, serves as a unique height reference surface. It is the link between satellite-derived positions and useful geodetic coordinates of utmost precision. For oceanography, the offset of the dynamic ocean surface from the geoid is the signal which bears important information about ocean circulation patterns.
Global Positioning System: An Overview
Space geodesy has evolved in the last twenty years into one of the most exciting disciplines in the earth sciences. This development is due to a large extent to the versatility of applications provided by the radio interferometric technique called Global Positioning System or GPS. Appropriately, Symposium 102: Global Positioning System: An Overview was held at the 125th Anniversary Meeting of the International Association of Geodesy in August, 1989. A broad review of GPS geodesy, achievements to date and the prospects for future study and application was presented. Papers included in this volume are grouped as follows: - Static and Geodynamic Positioning; - Orbit Determination Optimization and Design Dynamic; - Kinematic GPS/INS Radio Tracking Systems A useful reference for any researcher or student of space geodesy.
Acoustic Emission
Acoustic emission (AE) is a phenomenon in which elastic or stress waves are emitted from rapid, localized change of strain energy in material. The practical application of the AE first emerged in the 1950's, but only in the last 20 years the science, technology and applications of AE have progressed significantly. Currently AE has become one of the most important non-destructive testing techniques. This interdisciplinary book consists of nine chapters, which is a proof of the fact that the AE method is continuously and intensively developing and widely applied in: on-line monitoring of civil-engineering structures (e.g. highway bridges, skyscrapers, dams etc.), fatigue cracks detection and location in pressure vessels and pipelines, damage assessment in fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix composites, monitoring welding applications and corrosion processes, bearing condition diagnostics, partial discharge sources detection and location in power transformers and generators, monitoring the drying process of materials, quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables and in otoacoustic emission analysis.
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Fractal Analysis for Natural Hazards
In the Earth Sciences, the concept of fractals and scale invariance is well-recognized in many natural objects. However, the use of fractals for spatial and temporal analyses of natural hazards has been less used (and accepted) in the Earth Sciences. This book brings together twelve contributions that emphasize the role of fractal analyses in natural hazard research, including landslides, wildfires, floods, catastrophic rock fractures and earthquakes. A wide variety of spatial and temporal fractal-related approaches and techniques are applied to 'natural' data, experimental data, and computer simulations. These approaches include probabilistic hazard analysis, cellular-automata models, spatial analyses, temporal variability, prediction, and self-organizing behaviour. The main aims of this volume are to present current research on fractal analyses as applied to natural hazards, and to stimulate the curiosity of advanced Earth Science students and researchers in the use of fractals analyses for the better understanding of natural hazards.
