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Glial Cells: Managers of Neuro-immunity
Immune responses within the brain are still scarcely explored. Nerve tissue damage is accompanied by the activation of glial cells, primarily microglia and astroglia, and such activation is responsible for the release of cytokines and chemokines that maintain the local inflammatory response and actively recruit lymphocytes and monocytes to the damaged areas. Theoretically, these responses are designed to repair the brain damage. However, alterations, or a chronic perpetuation of these responses may underlie a number of neuro-pathologies. It is thought that each inflammatory scenario within the brain have a specific biochemical footprint characterized by the release of determined cytokines, c...
Development of Gene Therapies
Cell and gene therapies have become the third major drug modality in pharmaceutical medicine of the 21st century after low molecular weight and antibody drugs. The gene therapy (GTx) field is rapidly advancing, and yet there are still fundamental scientific questions that remain to be answered. Development of GTx products poses unique challenges and opportunities for drug developers. However, there is lack of a systematic exposition of the GTx product development and the pivotal role of the biostatistician in this process. Development of Gene Therapies: Strategic, Scientific, and Regulatory, and Access Considerations attempts to summarize the current state-of-the-art strategic, scientific, s...
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors
Neuronal nicotinic receptors are key molecules for signal transduction in a number of neuronal pathways. They are widely distributed in the brain and are known to be involved in cognitive tasks, including learning and memory, in smoking addiction and in several brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's dementias, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. This book provides a comprehensive review of the field, starting with a historical perspective and dealing with the molecular structure of these receptors, their biophysical and pharmacological properties, their distribution in central and peripheral nervous systems, and their major involvement in brain functions. Particular emphasis is paid to drugs (both new and old) that are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving neuronal nicotinic receptors. Finally, the relevance of these receptors in smoking addiction is carefully evaluated, together with future trends and the latest results.
Changes in Innovation
This book is a collection of articles all contributing to the theme of changes in innovation and innovation processes, and aims to create new knowledge about crucial issues in the Finnish and global innovation environment which forms critical intelligence in innovation strategies for firms and decision makers.
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides federal grants to states for a wide range of benefits, services, and activities. It is best known for helping states pay for cash welfare for needy families with children, but it funds a wide array of additional activities. TANF was created in the 1996 welfare reform law (P.L. 104-193). TANF funding and program authority were extended through FY2010 by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L. 109-171). TANF provides a basic block grant of $16.5 billion to the 50 states and District of Columbia, and $0.1 billion to U.S. territories. Additionally, 17 states qualify for supplemental grants that total $319 million. TANF ...
