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The Ras superfamily (>150 human members) encompasses Ras GTPases involved in cell proliferation, Rho GTPases involved in regulating the cytoskeleton, Rab GTPases involved in membrane targeting/fusion and a group of GTPases including Sar1, Arf, Arl and dynamin involved in vesicle budding/fission. These GTPases act as molecular switches and their activities are controlled by a large number of regulatory molecules that affect either GTP loading (guanine nucleotide exchange factors or GEFs) or GTP hydrolysis (GTPase activating proteins or GAPs). In their active state, they interact with a continually increasing, functionally complex array of downstream effectors. Since the last Methods in Enzymo...
MicroRNA (miRNA) genes produce three noncoding RNA products: the long primary transcript (pri-miRNA), the ~70 nucleotide pre-miRNA, and the ~22-nt mature miRNA. Only the mature miRNA is considered to be the functional species of a miRNA gene in recognizing cognate target mRNAs and modulating their expression. However, mature miRNAs are processed from the primary transcript through sequential endonucleolytic steps. As a result, the mature miRNA sequence is present in all three RNA products of a miRNA gene. It has thus been intrinsically difficult to determine the contribution of each miRNA gene product to target repression. In fact, direct functional roles for pri- and pre-miRNAs have never b...
This book gathers knowledge about matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging for postgraduate and professional researchers in academia and in industry where it has direct application to clinical research.
The aerospace industry increasingly relies on advanced numerical simulation tools in the early design phase. This volume provides the results of a German initiative which combines many of the CFD development activities from the German Aerospace Center (DLR), universities, and aircraft industry. Numerical algorithms for structured and hybrid Navier-Stokes solvers are presented in detail. The capabilities of the software for complex industrial applications are demonstrated.
This volume gives an overview of the state-of-the-art with respect to the development of all types of parallel computers and their application to a wide range of problem areas. The international conference on parallel computing ParCo97 (Parallel Computing 97) was held in Bonn, Germany from 19 to 22 September 1997. The first conference in this biannual series was held in 1983 in Berlin. Further conferences were held in Leiden (The Netherlands), London (UK), Grenoble (France) and Gent (Belgium). From the outset the aim with the ParCo (Parallel Computing) conferences was to promote the application of parallel computers to solve real life problems. In the case of ParCo97 a new milestone was reac...
Neurodegenerative diseases are the most frequent cause of dementia, representing a burden for public health systems (especially in middle and middle-high income countries). Although most research on this issue is concentrated in first-world centers, growing efforts in South America are affording important breakthroughs. This emerging agenda poses new challenges for the region but also new opportunities for the field. This book aims to integrate the community of experts across the globe and the region, and to establish new challenges and developments for future investigation. We present research focused on neurodegenerative research in South America. We introduce studies assessing the interpl...
This book discusses data communication and computer networking, communication technologies and the applications of IoT (Internet of Things), big data, cloud computing and healthcare informatics. It explores, examines and critiques intelligent data communications and presents inventive methodologies in communication technologies and IoT. Aimed at researchers and academicians who need to understand the importance of data communication and advanced technologies in IoT, it offers different perspectives to help readers increase their knowledge and motivates them to conduct research in the area, highlighting various innovative ideas for future research.