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One of the most important subjects for all engineers and scientists is probability and statistics. This book presents the basics of the essential topics in probability and statistics from a rigorous standpoint. The basics of probability underlying all statistics is presented first and then we cover the essential topics in statistics, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and linear regression. This book is suitable for any engineer or scientist who is comfortable with calculus and is meant to be covered in a one-semester format.
This text provides an introduction to the applications and implementations of partial differential equations. The content is structured in three progressive levels which are suited for upper–level undergraduates with background in multivariable calculus and elementary linear algebra (chapters 1–5), first– and second–year graduate students who have taken advanced calculus and real analysis (chapters 6-7), as well as doctoral-level students with an understanding of linear and nonlinear functional analysis (chapters 7-8) respectively. Level one gives readers a full exposure to the fundamental linear partial differential equations of physics. It details methods to understand and solve th...
The contents of this brief Lecture Note are devoted to modeling, simulations, and applications with the aim of proposing a unified multiscale approach accounting for the physics and the psychology of people in crowds. The modeling approach is based on the mathematical theory of active particles, with the goal of contributing to safety problems of interest for the well-being of our society, for instance, by supporting crisis management in critical situations such as sudden evacuation dynamics induced through complex venues by incidents.
Book V completes the discussion of the first four books by treating in some detail the analytic results in elliptic operator theory used previously. Chapters 16 and 17 provide a treatment of the techniques in Hilbert space, the Fourier transform, and elliptic operator theory necessary to establish the spectral decomposition theorem of a self-adjoint operator of Laplace type and to prove the Hodge Decomposition Theorem that was stated without proof in Book II. In Chapter 18, we treat the de Rham complex and the Dolbeault complex, and discuss spinors. In Chapter 19, we discuss complex geometry and establish the Kodaira Embedding Theorem.
A problem factory consists of a traditional mathematical analysis of a type of problem that describes many, ideally all, ways that the problems of that type can be cast in a fashion that allows teachers or parents to generate problems for enrichment exercises, tests, and classwork. Some problem factories are easier than others for a teacher or parent to apply, so we also include banks of example problems for users. This text goes through the definition of a problem factory in detail and works through many examples of problem factories. It gives banks of questions generated using each of the examples of problem factories, both the easy ones and the hard ones. This text looks at sequence extension problems (what number comes next?), basic analytic geometry, problems on whole numbers, diagrammatic representations of systems of equations, domino tiling puzzles, and puzzles based on combinatorial graphs. The final chapter previews other possible problem factories.
Computational analysis of natural science experiments often confronts noisy data due to natural variability in environment or measurement. Drawing conclusions in the face of such noise entails a statistical analysis. Parametric statistical methods assume that the data is a sample from a population that can be characterized by a specific distribution (e.g., a normal distribution). When the assumption is true, parametric approaches can lead to high confidence predictions. However, in many cases particular distribution assumptions do not hold. In that case, assuming a distribution may yield false conclusions. The companion book Statistics is Easy, gave a (nearly) equation-free introduction to nonparametric (i.e., no distribution assumption) statistical methods. The present book applies data preparation, machine learning, and nonparametric statistics to three quite different life science datasets. We provide the code as applied to each dataset in both R and Python 3. We also include exercises for self-study or classroom use.
This book introduces complex analysis and is appropriate for a first course in the subject at typically the third-year University level. It introduces the exponential function very early but does so rigorously. It covers the usual topics of functions, differentiation, analyticity, contour integration, the theorems of Cauchy and their many consequences, Taylor and Laurent series, residue theory, the computation of certain improper real integrals, and a brief introduction to conformal mapping. Throughout the text an emphasis is placed on geometric properties of complex numbers and visualization of complex mappings.
The main result of this book is a proof of the contradictory nature of the Navier‒Stokes problem (NSP). It is proved that the NSP is physically wrong, and the solution to the NSP does not exist on R+ (except for the case when the initial velocity and the exterior force are both equal to zero; in this case, the solution (, ) to the NSP exists for all ≥ 0 and (, ) = 0). It is shown that if the initial data 0() ≢ 0, (,) = 0 and the solution to the NSP exists for all ε R+, then 0() := (, 0) = 0. This Paradox proves that the NSP is physically incorrect and mathematically unsolvable, in general. Uniqueness of the solution to the NSP in the space 21(R3) × C(R+) is proved, 21(R3) is the Sobolev space, R+ = [0, ∞). Theory of integral equations and inequalities with hyper-singular kernels is developed. The NSP is reduced to an integral inequality with a hyper-singular kernel.
This is an introductory book on continuous statistical distributions and its applications. It is primarily written for graduate students in engineering, undergraduate students in statistics, econometrics, and researchers in various fields. The purpose is to give a self-contained introduction to most commonly used classical continuous distributions in two parts. Important applications of each distribution in various applied fields are explored at the end of each chapter. A brief overview of the chapters is as follows. Chapter 1 discusses important concepts on continuous distributions like location-and-scale distributions, truncated, size-biased, and transmuted distributions. A theorem on find...
This book is intended for undergraduate students of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics who know nothing about Monte Carlo Methods but wish to know how they work. All treatments have been done as much manually as is practicable. The treatments are deliberately manual to let the readers get the real feel of how Monte Carlo Methods work. Definite integrals of a total of five functions (), namely Sin(), Cos(), e, loge(), and 1/(1+2), have been evaluated using constant, linear, Gaussian, and exponential probability density functions (). It is shown that results agree with known exact values better if () is proportional to (). Deviation from the proportionality results in worse agreement. This b...