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User Manual for SAFE (Select Application Date For Evaluation) to Support the Use of the GEM Scenarios for Cultivations in Glasshouses
For the assessment of the environmental risks of the use of plant protection products in glasshouse cultivations, exposure scenarios have been developed. These scenarios have been implemented in the Glasshouse Emission Model (GEM). Because the application can cover the entire plant growth cycle, additional guidance was needed to select the application date with the highest Predicted Environmental Concentration for the assessment of leaching to ground water in soil-bound cultivations and that of exposure of aquatic organisms in soilless cultivations. The software tool SAFE (Select Application date For Evaluation) has been developed to assist the user with the selection of the application date. Two variants of this tool have been developed: one for soil-bound cultivations and one for soilless cultivations. The use of both variants is described in this user manual.
Effects of Spatial Foraging Behaviour on Risks of Contaminants for Wildlife
The effects of different types foraging behaviour on the spatially explicit accumulation of contaminants are under consideration in this report. A conceptual model has been developed, which can be used to simulate the foraging behaviour of the little owl (Athene noctua) under different assumptions on the mode of foraging behaviour: random foraging, optimal foraging, central foraging, or a combination of optimal and central foraging. The result of the modelling exercises show that the different modes of foraging result in different accumulation rates, and associated risks. Hence, it is concluded that spatially explicit modelling of contaminant accumulation should be conducted with specific knowledge on the foraging behaviour of the organisms under study. Furthermore, it is shown in the current report that measures in habitat management may be used to alleviate risks that contaminants may pose to higher organisms
Robuuste verbindingen
In hoofdstuk 3, 4 en 5 worden de resultaten van veldwerk gepresenteerd.
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