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The international marine shipping industry is responsible for the transport of around 90% of the total world trade. Low-speed two-stroke diesel engines usually propel the largest trading ships. This engine type choice is mainly motivated by its high fuel efficiency and the capacity to burn cheap low-quality fuels. To reduce the marine freight impact on the environment, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced stricter limits on the engine pollutant emissions. One of these new restrictions, named Tier III, sets the maximum NOx emissions permitted. New emission reduction technologies have to be developed to fulfill the Tier III limits on two-stroke engines since adjusting t...
First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.
Heavy duty powertrains are complex systems with components from various domains, different response times during transient operations and different efficient operating ranges. To ensure efficient transient operation of a powertrain, e.g. with low fuel consumption or short transient duration, it is important to come up with proper control strategies. In this dissertation, optimal control theory is used to calculate and analyze efficient heavy duty powertrain controls during transient operations in different applications. This is enabled by first developing control ready models, usable for multi-phase optimal control problem formulations, and then using numerical optimal control methods to cal...
This book investigates the origins and development of human rights discourse in Finnish legal scholarship in the twentieth century. It provides a detailed account of how human rights were understood before they had legal relevance in a positivist sense, how they were adapted to Finnish legal thinking in the post-Second World War decades, how they developed into a mode of legal rhetoric and a type of legal argument during the 1970s and 1980s, and how they eventually became a significant paradigm in legal thinking in the 1990s. The book also demonstrates how rights discourse infiltrated the discussion regarding problems that were previously addressed in arguments concerning morals, social justice and equity. Although the book focuses on the history of Finnish legal scholarship, it is also interesting from a global perspective for two reasons: Firstly, it demonstrates how an idea of international law is transplanted and diffused into national legal thinking; Finland is an illustrative example in this regard. Secondly, it offers insights into the general history of human rights.
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When she graduated from Swarthmore College in 1952 Mary Alzina Stone, known then by her nickname 'Maryal' did not know what she wanted to do next. While she thought about her options, like some of her classmates she volunteered to go overseas with the Quakers to help rebuild war-torn Europe. She found herself at a Finnish work camp on the Arctic Circle where she helped clear wooded fields for farms with volunteers from all over Europe. When work camp ended, she met some of her college friends to backpack through Western Europe, ending up in London where she stayed several months exploring the city before sailing for home. Years later, a published author, wife, and mother, Dale has made use o...
Uses an interdisciplinary, comparative approach to explore Nordic states' varying treatment of victims of involuntary sterilisation and castration.
Fresh approaches to how premodern women were viewed in legal terms, demonstrating how this varied from country to country and across the centuries.