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Genetic Manipulations with Plant Material
Mankind, throughout history, has strived to improve his food sources. By means of slow and empirical selections, it has been possible to greatly increase both quantity and quality of plant crops. This procedure has brought the most useful cereals to a state of refinement that seems to be difficult to further improve by the same methodology. Indeed, natural sexual mechanisms were always used to cross closely related sexually and genetically compatible organisms; the selection procedure consisted of isolating the most promi sing progenies. Obviously, by this way, plants could only share preexisting genetic pools. On the other hand, the last decade has seen drastic modifi cations of the experim...
Workshop on Mechanisms and Prospects of Genetic Exchange, Berlin, December 11 to 13, 1971
Advances in the Biosciences 8 is a collection of papers presented in a workshop on "Mechanisms and Prospects of Genetic Exchange, sponsored by Schering Pharma AG, held in Berlin, Germany in 1972. The book presents various research works from various scientific disciplines in line with the workshop's theme. The workshop is organized into 3 sessions. Session I: Genetic Exchange at the Molecular Level discusses such topics as enzymology of genetic recombination; studies on transcription and ligation of RNA; and expression and integration of viral DNA in animal cells. Session II: Genetic Exchange at the Cellular and Organelle Level covers topics on germinal cell membranes; application of cell fu...
The Hepatobiliary System
A volume on the biliary system appeared in 1965, based on a symposium of the NATO Advanced Institute held in September, 1963, in Newcastle upon Tyne in England. It soon became an authorita tive text on the problems of the biliary tract and, for instance, the discussion on the biliary secretion of organic anions, organic cations and inorganic ions were classic references. The worn pages of the volume in many libraries, including my own, bespeak its usefulness over ten long years. The initiative and energy of the Director of the first Institute have to be admired, even more so since he was able to assemble a Second Institute in Aalborg, Denmark, in 1975. His wisdom is reflected in the selectio...
Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum
DNA and RNA fractions have been isolated from the whole blood, serum, plasma, the surface of blood cells, urine, saliva and spinal fluid from both healthy individuals and clinical patients. Recent developments are presented concerning the isolation, quantification and analysis of these molecules and their use in the identification of specific nucleic acid fragments related to a variety of clinical disorders thereby permitting their early diagnosis and prognosis.
Specificity in Plant Diseases
A NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Phytotoxins in Plant Diseases" was held in Pugnochiuso (Italy) in June 1970. It was concerned mainly with the chemistry and mode of action of substances toxic to higher plants which are produced by pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The role of such substances in specificity was consider ed but largely in relation to host-specific toxins. In 1973, in light of the success of the 1970 Institute, we decided to plan for another in 1975 and after discussion with col leagues during the Second International Congress of Plant Pathology, we selected "Specificity in Plant Diseases" as the theme for the 1975 Institute. Our chief reasons for the choice were that specifici...
The Green Phoenix
Providing the first account of the story behind genetically engineered plants, Paul F. Lurquin covers the controversial birth of the field, its sudden death, phoenixlike reemergence, and ultimate triumph as not only a legitimate field of science but a new tool of multinational corporate interests. In addition, Lurquin looks ahead to the potential impact this revolutionary technology will have on human welfare. As Lurquin shows, it was the intense competition between international labs that resulted in the creation of the first transgenic plants. Two very different approaches to plant genetic engineering came to fruition at practically the same time, and Lurquin's account demonstrates how cross-fertilization between the two areas was critical to success. The scientists concerned were trying to tackle some very basic scientific problems and did not foresee the way that corporations would apply their methodology. With detailed accounts of the work of individual scientists and teams all over the world, Lurquin pieces together a remarkable account.
Surface Membrane Receptors
The NATO Advanced Study Institute entitled "Surface Membrane Receptors: Interface Between Cells and Environment" was held in Bellagio, Italy September 13-21, 1975. This meeting was an attempt to bring together in an international and interdisci plinary forum scientists who are studying recognitive phenomona which take place at the surface membrane of cells. While an attempt was made to restrict the subject areas covered at the meeting to those experimental systems which have been biochemi cally characterized to some extent, it will also be noted that some contributions to this volume represent a preliminary iden tification of interesting regulatory substances which might reasonably be expect...
Phloem Transport
Ten years ago, at the International Botanical Congress in Edinburgh, a group of us from various countries discussed the difficulty of pursuing academic problems in depth at such meetings. In particular, we were discouraged at the poverty of time for phloem transport. From long association, we were conscious of the extraordinary breadth of the problem, from developmental through anatomical, to biophysical and physiological. Only by a reasonable understanding of all these components could one hope to come to some kind of understanding. We decided to establish common plant material so that data would have a common source. Similarly, we resolved to exchange information by circulating pre-publica...
Meat Animals
Dramatic shortfalls in crop production in various regions of the world have led some people to question the relatively inefficient use of cereal grains for feeding meat animals instead of their direct use for human food. There is no doubt, however, that meat offers a nutritionally valuable, attractive and widely accepted food, the world demand for which increases daily. Thus it is not enough simply to condemn the consumption of meat as an irresponsible extravagance; rather it is preferable to examine how the demand for meat can be met most efficiently and effectively, which requires a fundamental enquiry into how meat is 'grown'. The importance of fat, for instance, both to the growing anima...
Metabolic Compartmentation and Neurotransmission
The first symposium on metabolic compartmentation in brain was held at the Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio, Italy, July 11-16, 1971; the proceedings CR. Balazs and J. E. Cremer, editors, MacMillan) appeared in 1973. At the conclusion of the first symposium it was decided to assess in 2-3 years the progress in this rapidly developing area. This volume represents the proceedings of an Advanced Study Institute, made possible by a grant from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Scientific Affairs Division. Additional generous support by the Wellcome Trust allowed attendance by participants from non-NATO countries. S. Ber! D. D. Clarke D. Schneider xi Introduction The term metabolic compartme...
