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Anti-tumor Activity of Cytotoxic Immune Cells: Basic Research and Clinical Perspectives
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells are powerful effectors of antitumor immunity. CTL recognize tumor antigens presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules with antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCR) and are the key effector cells of the adaptive immune response. In contrast, NK cells lack antigen-specific receptors and are regulated by the balance of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors. These two types of cells cooperate and complement each other in eliciting host immune response to cancer and mediating immune surveillance. Moreover, these cells play a crucial role in antitumor immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific T cell engagers (BiTe), as well as adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified cytotoxic cells.
Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer
This volume provides a comprehensive review of resistance induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) in tumor cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms in this process leads to the improvement of therapeutic modality, in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that can exert a selective or preferential cytotoxic activity toward malignant cells. The procedure involves administration of an intrinsically non-toxic photosensitizing agent (PS) followed by irradiation at a wavelength corresponding to a visible absorption band of the sensitizer. In the presence of oxygen, a series of events lead to direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of a local inflammatory reaction. Studies reveal that PDT can be curative, particularly in early stage tumors and this volume explores the potential of PDT, but also reveals strategic approaches to overcome resistance in tumor cells.
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