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Ecological Networks are More Sensitive to Plant Than to Animal Extinction Under Climate Change
Abstract: Impacts of climate change on individual species are increasingly well documented, but we lack understanding of how these effects propagate through ecological communities. Here we combine species distribution models with ecological network analyses to test potential impacts of climate change on >700 plant and animal species in pollination and seed-dispersal networks from central Europe. We discover that animal species that interact with a low diversity of plant species have narrow climatic niches and are most vulnerable to climate change. In contrast, biotic specialization of plants is not related to climatic niche breadth and vulnerability. A simulation model incorporating different scenarios of species coextinction and capacities for partner switches shows that projected plant extinctions under climate change are more likely to trigger animal coextinctions than vice versa. This result demonstrates that impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be amplified via extinction cascades from plants to animals in ecological networks
The Flight of Birds
The Flight of Birds is a novel in twelve stories, each of them compelled by an encounter between the human and animal worlds. The birds in these stories inhabit the same space as humans, but they are also apart, gliding above us. The Flight of Birds: A Novel in Twelve Stories explores what happens when the two worlds meet. Joshua Lobb’s stories are at once intimate and expansive, grounded in an exquisite sense of place. The birds in these stories are variously free and wild, native and exotic, friendly and hostile. Humans see some of them as pets, some of them as pests, and some of them as food. Through a series of encounters between birds and humans, the book unfolds as a meditation on grief and loss, isolation and depression, and the momentary connections that sustain us through them. Underpinning these interactions is an awareness of climate change, of the violence we do to the living beings around us, and of the possibility of transformation. The Flight of Birds will change how you think about the planet and humanity’s place in it.
Vertically Stratified Frugivore Community Composition and Interaction Frequency in a Liana Fruiting Across Forest Strata
Abstract: Vertical stratification is a key feature of tropical forests and structures plant-frugivore interactions. However, it is unclear whether vertical differences in plant-frugivore interactions are due to differences among strata in plant community composition or inherent preferences of frugivores for specific strata. To test this, we observed fruit removal of a diverse frugivore community on the liana Marcgravia longifolia in a Peruvian rain forest. Unlike most other plants, Marcgravia longifolia produces fruits across forest strata. This enabled us to study effects of vertical stratification on fruit removal without confounding effects of plant species and stratum. We found a high nu...
The Official ACT Prep Pack 2019-2020 with 7 Full Practice Tests, (5 in Official ACT Prep Guide + 2 Online)
Get The Official ACT Prep Guide 2019-2020 plus hours of ACT Online Prep with this unique bundle from the makers of the ACT This updated edition includes: The Official ACT Prep Guide 2019-2020 Six-months access to the ACT Online Prep platform Seven full-length practice tests including a NEW never-before-seen, test (five tests in book and two online) Optional writing tests More than 2,400 online questions that can be filtered and organized into practice sets Detailed explanations for every answer along with tips for boosting your score on the English, math, reading, science, and optional writing tests Free mobile app for on-the-go learning Game center to test further knowledge Flashcards custo...
The Official ACT Prep Guide 2020 - 2021, (Book + 5 Practice Tests + Bonus Online Content)
The only guide from the ACT organization, the makers of the exam, with 5 genuine, full-length practice tests in print and online. The Official ACT Prep Guide 2020-2021 is the only guide from the makers of the exam and it includes actual ACT test forms (taken from past ACT exams). It offers 5 actual ACT tests (all with optional writing tests) so you can practice at your own pace. To help you review, this guide provides detailed explanations for every answer and practical tips on how to boost your score on the English, math, reading, science, and optional writing tests. The test creators also created online resources accessible through this book. You can practice online with 5 full length prac...
