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Auralization
Auralization is the technique of creation and reproduction of sound on the basis of computer data. With this tool it is possible to predict the character of sound signals which are generated at the source and modified by reinforcement, propagation and transmission in systems such as rooms, buildings, vehicles or other technical devices. This book is organized as a comprehensive collection of the basics of sound and vibration, acoustic modelling, simulation, signal processing and audio reproduction. With some mathematical prerequisites, the readers will be able to follow the main strategy of auralization easily and work out their own implementations of auralization in various fields of application in architectural acoustics, acoustic engineering, sound design and virtual reality. For readers interested in basic research, the technique of auralization may be useful to create sound stimuli for specific investigations in linguistic, medical, neurological and psychological research, and in the field of human-machine interaction.
Auralization
This is the first focused and detailed textbook on acoustic virtual reality. Auralization is the creation of audible acoustic sceneries from computer-generated data. The term "auralization" is to be understood as being analogue to the well-known technique of "visualization". In visual illustration of scenes, data or any other meaningful information, in movie animation and in computer graphics, we describe the process of "making visible" as visualization. In acoustics, auralization is taking place when acoustic effects, primary sound signals or means of sound reinforcement or sound transmission, are processed to be presented by using electro-acoustic equipment. This book is organized as a comprehensive collection of basics, methodology and strategies of acoustic simulation and auralization.
Room Acoustics
Well established as a classic reference and specialized textbook since its first publication in 1973, Room Acoustics combines detailed coverage with a state-of-the-art presentation of the theory and practice of sound behaviour in enclosed spaces. This seventh edition is developed to cover new measurement and simulation techniques, including sections on spatial and directional analysis and on recent psychophysical experimental approaches to determining auditory perception in concert halls. Other important topics include the various mechanisms of sound absorption and their practical application, as well as scattering through wall corrugations. The design and performance of sound reinforcement systems is also updated. As in previous editions, special emphasis is placed on the properties and calculation of reverberation. The book particularly suits graduate students in the field, acoustical engineers, and architects.
Individualized Binaural Technology
In this work the importance of individualization in binaural technique is investigated. The results extend the present knowledge on the efficient measurement of individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and highlight the importance of individual equalization filters in binaural reproduction, using both loudspeakers and headphones. Moreover, an integrated framework for the calculation of such equalization filters is presented. An innovative measurement setup was developed to allow the fast acquisition of individual HRTFs. The hardware was designed to be compatible with the range extrapolation technique. An individual HRTF dataset with 4000 directions can be measured in less than 6 mi...
Anthropometric Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Functions Analysis and Modeling
Human sound localization helps to pay attention to spatially separated speakers using interaural level and time differences as well as angle-dependent monaural spectral cues. In a monophonic teleconference, for instance, it is much more difficult to distinguish between different speakers due to missing binaural cues. Spatial positioning of the speakers by means of binaural reproduction methods using head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) enhances speech comprehension. These HRTFs are influenced by the torso, head and ear geometry as they describe the propagation path of the sound from a source to the ear canal entrance. Through this geometry-dependency, the HRTF is directional and subject-d...
Model Based Signal Enhancement for Impulse Response Measurement
Impulse response measurements that are performed outdoors are highly susceptible to the uncertainties caused by the non-perfect measurement setup, the presence of background noise, and fluctuations in media such as wind and temperature drift. This work concentrates on two scenarios: the measurement of reflection coefficients of noise barriers and the influence of temperature variances in machinery cavities. Regarding the sound barrier measurement outdoors, a linear four-microphone array can be used to separate direct sound and reflected sound if the sound barrier does not include complicated scattering structures. With regard to the impulse response of an air-borne sound measurement for a machine monitoring system, a time-warping model for inter-period and intra-period temperature variances is investigated.
Physically Based Real-Time Auralization of Interactive Virtual Environments
Analogous to visualization, the auralization of virtual environments describes the simulation of sound propagation inside enclosures where methods of Geometrical Acoustics are mostly applied for a high-quality synthesis of aural stimuli that go along with a certain realistic behavior. In the course of this thesis, the design and implementation of the real-time room acoustics simulation software RAVEN will be described, which is a vital part of the implemented 3D sound-rendering system of RWTH Aachen University's immersive Virtual Reality system. RAVEN relies on present-day knowledge of room acoustical simulation techniques and enables a physically accurate auralization of sound propagation i...
Handbook of Virtual Environments
A Complete Toolbox of Theories and Techniques The second edition of a bestseller, Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications presents systematic and extensive coverage of the primary areas of research and development within VE technology. It brings together a comprehensive set of contributed articles that address the principles required to define system requirements and design, build, evaluate, implement, and manage the effective use of VE applications. The contributors provide critical insights and principles associated with their given areas of expertise to provide extensive scope and detail on VE technology and its applications. What’s New in the Second E...
Mutiny on the Black Prince
The dramatic story of a mutiny aboard an eighteenth-century British ship and how its owners effectively rallied the power of the British Crown to protect their investment and expand their wealth and political power across multiple generations. In 1768, the British slave ship Black Prince, departed the port of Bristol, bound for West Africa. It never arrived. Before reaching Old Calabar, the crew mutinied, murdering the captain and his officers. The mutineers renamed the ship Liberty, elected new officers, and set out for Brazil. By the time the ship arrived there, the crew had disintegrated into a violent mob and fired into the port city. After the Black Prince wrecked off the coast of Hispa...
