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New Trends in Liberal and Social Sciences
The specialist, as we know it in the modern age, is a creation of modernity. Up until the modern age, scholars were known for their expertise in multiple areas. From Avicenna (Ibn-i Sina) and Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi to Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo, many medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment scholars were polymaths, mastering knowledge from several fields. The needs of the modern age created specialists focusing deeply on one field. At the convergence of postmodernism and the age of the Internet, social, cultural, and economic realities of increasingly diverse societies have created a new need for the revival of the polymath. Emerging globalization post-Cold War triggered rapid social chang...
Regional Economic Issues--Special Report 25 Years of Transition
The past 25 years have seen a dramatic transformation in Europe’s former communist countries, resulting in their reintegration with the global economy, and, in most cases, major improvements in living standards. But the task of building full market economies has been difficult and protracted. Liberalization of trade and prices came quickly, but institutional reforms—such as governance reform, competition policy, privatization and enterprise restructuring—often faced opposition from vested interests. The results of the first years of transition were uneven. All countries suffered high inflation and major recessions as prices were freed and old economic linkages broke down. But the scale of output losses and the time taken for growth to return and inflation to be brought under control varied widely. Initial conditions and external factors played a role, but policies were critical too. Countries that undertook more front-loaded and bold reforms were rewarded with faster recovery and income convergence. Others were more vulnerable to the crises that swept the region in the wake of the 1997 Asia crisis.
Resilience and Health
What decides whether a person suffering misfortune bounces back quickly or falls into despair for years? Which processes and mechanisms constitute psychological resilience? Is there a particular, evolutionary-shaped model of human adaptation, which enables a person to maintain mental health in unfavorable and dynamically changing circumstances? All these questions are addressed by the contributors to the monograph titled Resilience and Health in a Fast-Changing World. While searching for the answers the authors refer to an extensive scholarly literature, their own theoretical investigations as well as to the outcomes of empirical researches conducted.
Polish State Railways As a Mode of Transport for Troops of the Warsaw Pact
The subject of the book is the history of the planned use of Polish railway infrastructure during the Cold War as part of the strategic plans of the Warsaw Pact. Analysing both technical and operational issues related to railway military transportation in a historical perspective, the author presents the history of the military transportation service of the Polish Army and provides a detailed characteristics of the organizational structure, equipment and tasks of the military transportation units and railway troops. The book also deals with rail transports of the Soviet Army on the Polish State Railways. The work is not only the result of archival queries and interviews with retired officers of the military transportation service but also field research of railway infrastructure.
How Big (Small?) are Fiscal Multipliers?
We contribute to the intense debate on the real effects of fiscal stimuli by showing that the impact of government expenditure shocks depends crucially on key country characteristics, such as the level of development, exchange rate regime, openness to trade, and public indebtedness. Based on a novel quarterly dataset of government expenditure in 44 countries, we find that (i) the output effect of an increase in government consumption is larger in industrial than in developing countries, (ii) the fisscal multiplier is relatively large in economies operating under predetermined exchange rate but zero in economies operating under flexible exchange rates; (iii) fiscal multipliers in open economies are lower than in closed economies and (iv) fiscal multipliers in high-debt countries are also zero.
