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Économie de l'obésité
Au cours des dernières décennies, le problème de l'obésité s'est aggravé partout dans le monde, y compris en France, où 47 % de la population est aujourd'hui soit en surpoids soit obèse. L'obésité entraîne des maladies qui ont des coûts sociaux importants et croissants, affectant les systèmes d'assurance maladie et le marché du travail. Or l'obésité est en grande partie évitable dans la mesure où elle est essentiellement liée à la hausse de l'apport nutritionnel et à la baisse de l'activité physique. La prévention peut se faire à travers diverses mesures de politique publique étudiées par les économistes. Après avoir présenté les faits et tendances sur l'obésité, ce livre offre une synthèse de la littérature économique sur cette maladie. Il donne l'état du savoir sur ses causes économiques, psychologiques, sociales et biologiques. Il expose les conséquences sur l'économie et explique de façon détaillée les résultats avérés ou potentiels des politiques de prévention de l'obésité.
Optimal Taxation and Income Mobility with Borrowing Limits
The author studies age-dependent optimal taxation in an environment that takes into consideration changes in consumption behavior over the life cycle due to changes in labor income paths and borrowing limits. Income mobility is defined as an exogenous rate at which individuals change from a low-to a high-income path. In this framework, the role of age-dependent income taxation is reinforced. Consumption and leisure optimal allocations are not constant over the life cycle even when preferences are additively separable. As a result, age-dependent optimal capital income taxation faced by high-income earners differs from zero for all forms of preferences. In addition, past environments used to study optimal taxation appear as special cases of the proposed model. When the rate of income mobility is infinite, the proposed model nests the simple finite horizon framework. When life expectancy is infinite, the model nests the infinite horizon framework.
Environmental Taxation, Health, and the Life-Cycle
We build a model that takes into consideration the evolution of health over the life cycle and its consequences on individual optimal choices. In this framework, the effects of environmental taxation are not limited to the traditional negative crowding-out and positive productivity effects. We show that environmental taxation generates new general equilibrium effects ignored by previous contributions. Indeed, as the environmental tax improves the health profile over the life-cycle, it influences saving, labor supply, and retirement. We also show that whether those general equilibrium effects are positive or negative for the economy crucially depends on the degree of substitutability between young and old labor. Our numerical examples suggest that ignoring those new effects may result in large overstatement of the negative effect of an increase in environmental taxation on output, and understatement of the positive effect on welfare.
Can Tax Reforms Help Achieve Sustainable Development?
This paper contributes to explaining the obesity epidemic and finding a potential remedy. We build a theoretical model of food consumption decisions that accounts for social influence. In our model, individuals' rationality is affected by an endogenous social weight norm, which influences their calorie consciousness and perceived survival chances. Individuals are positional, and the degree of positionality describes the extent to which individuals' discounted utility is influenced by the social weight norm. With an endogenous social weight norm reflecting a heavier and heavier average body weight, we show that a high degree of positionality could explain the obesity epidemic. In this environ...
Reassessing the Effects of Environmental Taxation When Pollution Affects Health Over the Life-Cycle
We introduce the link between pollution, morbidity and productivity over the life-cycle in a two-period overlapping generations model. As the environmental tax improves the health-profile over the life-cycle, it influences saving, investment in health, labor supply and retirement. As a result, we identify effects of environmental taxation beyond the standard crowding-out and productivity effects captured by the past literature. We show that whether those effects are positive or negative for the economy crucially depends on the degree of substitutability between young and old labor. Our numerical examples suggest that that those new effects alleviate the negative effects of environmental taxation on output and decrease potential positive welfare effects.
We Are What We Eat
The empirical evidence of a non-monotone relation between income and obesity is not well explained. We build a theoretical model combining income inequality and social comparisons to explain the link between income and obesity and study tax policy implications for fighting obesity. We assume that differences in food consumption patterns between poor and wealthy households partly reflect positionality, which is the concern for social status. Our key assumption is that positionality for low-calorie food consumption is positively related to a country's wealth. In this framework, body weight outcomes reflect competing income and positionality effects, yielding the following results. We explain the link between average obesity rates, and standards of living and suggest the existence of a Kuznets curve for obesity. For cross sections of the population, we explain the observed correlation between income and obesity, which is positive in poor countries, and negative rich countries. We find that increasing the relative cost of high-calorie food is less effective at decreasing the relative weight of poor individuals in rich countries than in poor countries.
Could Obesity Be Contagious?
This paper contributes to explaining the obesity epidemic and finding a potential remedy. We build a theoretical model of food consumption decisions that accounts for social influence. In our model, individuals' rationality is affected by an endogenous social weight norm, which influences their calorie consciousness and perceived survival chances. Individuals are positional, and the degree of positionality describes the extent to which individuals' discounted utility is influenced by the social weight norm. With an endogenous social weight norm reflecting a heavier and heavier average body weight, we show that a high degree of positionality could explain the obesity epidemic. In this environ...
