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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Retention Forestry to Enhance Biodiversity in Production Forests of Central Europe Using an Interdisciplinary, Multi-scale Approach
Abstract: Retention forestry, which retains a portion of the original stand at the time of harvesting to maintain continuity of structural and compositional diversity, has been originally developed to mitigate the impacts of clear-cutting. Retention of habitat trees and deadwood has since become common practice also in continuous-cover forests of Central Europe. While the use of retention in these forests is plausible, the evidence base for its application is lacking, trade-offs have not been quantified, it is not clear what support it receives from forest owners and other stakeholders and how it is best integrated into forest management practices. The Research Training Group ConFoBi (Conser...
Combined Retention of Large Living and Dead Trees Can Improve Provision of Tree-related Microhabitats in Central European Montane Forests
Abstract: Retention of habitat trees is a common biodiversity conservation practice in continuous cover forests of temperate Europe. Commonly, living habitat trees are selected on the basis of their tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) such as cavities or crown deadwood. Owing to the increasing frequency and intensity of climate change-related disturbances, habitat trees in particular are expected to experience increased mortality rates. This may impact the long-term provisioning of TreMs. Here, we compared the TreM occurrence on living and dead trees to investigate whether dead trees support more and other TreMs than living trees. We also hypothesized that a combination of living and dead tre...
Biodiversity Response to Forest Management Intensity, Carbon Stocks and Net Primary Production in Temperate Montane Forests
Abstract: Managed forests are a key component of strategies aimed at tackling the climate and biodiversity crises. Tapping this potential requires a better understanding of the complex, simultaneous effects of forest management on biodiversity, carbon stocks and productivity. Here, we used data of 135 one-hectare plots from southwestern Germany to disentangle the relative influence of gradients of management intensity, carbon stocks and forest productivity on different components of forest biodiversity (birds, bats, insects, plants) and tree-related microhabitats. We tested whether the composition of taxonomic groups varies gradually or abruptly along these gradients. The richness of taxonom...
The Use of Tree-related Microhabitats as Forest Biodiversity Indicators and to Guide Integrated Forest Management
Abstract: Purpose of the Review The concept of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is an approach to assess and manage multi-taxon species richness in forest ecosystems. Owing to their provision of special habitat features, TreMs are of special interest as a surrogate biodiversity indicator. In particular, in retention forestry, TreMs have gained attention over the past decade as a selection criterion for retained structural elements such as habitat trees. This review seeks to (a) address the suitability of TreMs as biodiversity indicator in the context of retention forestry, (b) summarize drivers of TreM occurrence and the status quo of the implementation of TreM-based retention concepts in ...
Tree-related Microhabitats as Selection Criteria for Habitat Trees in Close-to-nature Forest Management in the Black Forest
Abstract: Forest management needs to provide solutions for the safeguarding of biodiversity in forested landscapes. For this purpose, forest managers and scientists should develop "best practices" that are evidence-based and which improve the multiple-use of forests. The development of integrative conservation concepts is a relatively recent one (Kraus and Krumm, 2013), at least for forest areas that are managed under close-to-nature forestry (Bauhus et al., 2013). In other forest ecosystems which are managed under different silvicultural approaches, as boreal clear-cut systems, the idea of integrative conservation has been implemented for almost three decades under the term of retention for...
Retention as an Integrated Biodiversity Conservation Approach for Continuous-cover Forestry in Europe
Abstract: Retention forestry implies that biological legacies like dead and living trees are deliberately selected and retained beyond harvesting cycles to benefit biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This model has been applied for several decades in even-aged, clearcutting (CC) systems but less so in uneven-aged, continuous-cover forestry (CCF). We provide an overview of retention in CCF in temperate regions of Europe, currently largely focused on habitat trees and dead wood. The relevance of current meta-analyses and many other studies on retention in CC is limited since they emphasize larger patches in open surroundings. Therefore, we reflect here on the ecological foundations and socio-economic frameworks of retention approaches in CCF, and highlight several areas with development potential for the future. Conclusions from this perspective paper, based on both research and current practice on several continents, although highlighting Europe, are also relevant to other temperate regions of the world using continuous-cover forest management approaches
Retention of Tree-related Microhabitats is More Dependent on Selection of Habitat Trees Than Their Spatial Distribution
Abstract: Habitat trees, which provide roosting, foraging and nesting for multiple taxa, are retained in managed forests to support biodiversity conservation. To what extent their spatial distribution influences provisioning of habitats has rarely been addressed. In this study, we investigated whether abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) differ between habitat trees in clumped and dispersed distributions and whether the abundance of fifteen groups of TreMs is related to tree distribution patterns. To identify habitat trees, we quantified TreMs in temperate mountain forests of Germany. We determined clumping (the Clark-Evans index), size of the convex hull, diameter at...
The New City
Cities are at once among humanity’s crowning achievements and core drivers of the climate crisis. Their dependence on the outside world for vital resources is causing global temperatures to rise and wildlife habitats to shrink. But we have the opportunity to make cities more sustainable by transforming the built environment. Dickson D. Despommier proposes a visionary yet achievable plan for creating a new, self-sustaining urban landscape. He argues that we can find solutions through the concept of biomimicry: emulating successful strategies found in nature. A better city is possible if we heed the lessons that forests and trees teach about how to store carbon, grow food, collect rainwater,...
