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The drone attacks started in Pakistan in 2004 under the Bush presidency, and are still operating, targeting the so-called ‘High value’ targets. But the high value targets are not achieved, but the local Taliban, and many civilians are being killed in these covert drone strikes. It is noteworthy that, Obama administration has increased these drone strikes in Pakistan as compared to that of Bush administration. President Obama has adopted the policy of ‘to kill and not to capture’ to pursue the high value targets or al-Qaeda members which have taken asylum in some areas of Pakistan. But this policy had caused many civilian casualties, and also destroyed the Pakistan’s sovereignty. Th...
A new interpretation of the Mughal Empire explores Mughal state formation through the pivotal role of its princes.
The late Professor M. Athar Ali was one of the foremost authorities on Mughal history. This book is a selection of some of his best essays on a wide range of themes from the realm of ideas (including religion) to polity, administration, society and culture of the Mughal period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries). Some essays are interpretative, others represent detailed research, and rest share both elements. What unites them is his critical approach and consistence proximity to the Persian source material. The book includes a critique of 'revisionist' approaches in the study of the Mughal polity, and a section on sources.
This book has brought together some of the foremost scholars of South Asian and Global History, who were colleagues and associates of Professor John F. Richards to discuss themes that marked his work as a historian in an academic career of almost forty years. It encapsulates discussions under the rubric of 'frontiers' in multiple contexts. Frontier has often been conceived as a space of transformation marking new forms of economic organization, commodity trade, land settlement and state authority. The essays here underline the range of interests and approaches that marked Professor Richards' illustrious career - frontiers and state building; frontiers and environmental change; cultural frontiers; frontiers, trade and drugs; and frontiers and world history. The volume discusses issues from medieval to early modern South Asian history. It also reflects a concern for large-scale global processes and for the detailed specificities of each historical case as evident in Professor Richards' work.
This innovative book explores of the grandest and longest lastingempire in Indian history. Examines the history of the Mughal presence in India from 1526to the mid-eighteenth century Creates a new framework for understanding the Mughal empire byaddressing themes that have not been explored before. Subtly traces the legacy of the Mughals’ world intoday’s India.
The book begins by introducing signals and systems, and then discusses Time-Domain analysis and Frequency-Domain analysis for Continuous-Time systems. It also covers Z-transform, state-space analysis and system synthesis. The author provides abundant examples and exercises to facilitate learning, preparing students for subsequent courses on circuit analysis and communication theory.
This history of the Mughal empire examines the rituals of the Mughal court, the process of the empire's expansion, and Akbar's political and administrative initiatives in order to explain the fundamental characteristics of the Mughal polity. Streusand also places Mughal institutions and practices in their political and cultural contexts to explain how the Mughal ruling class coalesced from heterogeneous groups that retained their own identities.
This monograph deals with the social and political context of commercial activity in early modern India - a period during which Eastern India (and Bihar) experienced the transition to British colonial rule. As a point of departure from existing scholarly literature that usually studies this transition in material terms, this volume uses an approach that takes into account the configuration of social relations and political connections within which, it argues, commercial activity was embedded. Using merchants and bankers as its subjects, this book deals with the structure of trade and banking, the position of merchants in the cultural order and the role of the state in perpetuating this order.
On the stabilization of Mogul power in India under Humayun, Emperor of Hindustan, 1508-1556.