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Crustal Permeability
Permeability is the primary control on fluid flow in the Earth’s crust and is key to a surprisingly wide range of geological processes, because it controls the advection of heat and solutes and the generation of anomalous pore pressures. The practical importance of permeability – and the potential for large, dynamic changes in permeability – is highlighted by ongoing issues associated with hydraulic fracturing for hydrocarbon production (“fracking”), enhanced geothermal systems, and geologic carbon sequestration. Although there are thousands of research papers on crustal permeability, this is the first book-length treatment. This book bridges the historical dichotomy between the hydrogeologic perspective of permeability as a static material property and the perspective of other Earth scientists who have long recognized permeability as a dynamic parameter that changes in response to tectonism, fluid production, and geochemical reactions.
Complexity and Diversity
Nonlinear complex open systems show great diversity in the process of self-organization, and that diversity increases as complexity increases. The measurement of complexity and the origins of the diversity of such complex systems are the focus of interdisciplinary studies extending across a wide range of scientific disciplines that include applied mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, ecology, sociology, and economics. Previous investigations have concentrated either on complexity or on diversity, but not both. This volume makes clear the relation between complexity and diversity with examples drawn from various disciplines. Compiles here are presentations from the Complexity and Diversity workshop held in Fugue, Japan, in August 1996. The contributions are the results of research in mathematical systems, physical systems, living systems, and social systems, and are contained in the four corresponding sections of the book. Mathematical expressions for the theory of complexity as a fundamental method along with realistic examples for application of systematic methods provide the reader with ready access to the latest topics in complex systems.
Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis
An indispensable reference for any practicing synthetic organic or medicinal chemist, this book continues the tradition of Greene’s as comprehensive in the overall scope of coverage, providing the most relevant and useful examples to illustrate each methodology. • Presents valuable material, on the application of protective groups in organic chemistry, that is not easily found by casual searching • Helps chemists to plan, investigate, and carry out organic syntheses in an efficient manner • Adds over 2800 new references to update since the publication of the last edition • Reviews of the prior edition: "An essential bible for the library or personal bookshelf of chemists performing complex synthesis." (CHOICE, May 2007) "...the most up-to-date compilation available...should be an integral part of all institutional libraries...it is also highly recommended that individuals...maintain their own copy..." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, March 8, 2007) "...continues to be a comprehensive guide to the techniques for the formation and cleavage of protective groups." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, January 31, 2007)
Switching Phenomena in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Showing the relation of physics to circuit interruption technology, describes for engineers the switching phenomena, test procedures, and applications of modern, high-voltage circuit breakers, especially SF, gas-blast, and the vacuum types used in medium-voltage ranges. Applies the physical arc mode
The Accretion and Obscured Growth of Supermassive Black Holes
This thesis describes the application of state-of-the-art high-energy X-ray studies to the astronomical quest for understanding obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN). These AGN are supermassive black holes growing by accretion of matter located in the nuclei of galaxies. The material that feeds these black holes also obscures them from view, rendering them challenging to study. It is possible to study them by effectively 'X-raying' galactic nuclei to peer through these obscuring veils. Beginning with the proof-of-concept application of novel X-ray Monte Carlo codes to the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) spectrum of a known heavily obscured AGN, the thesis establishes the relev...
Switching Arc Phenomena in Transmission Voltage Level Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Vacuum circuit breakers are widely used in distribution power systems for their advantages such as maintenance free and eco-friendly. Nowadays, most circuit breakers used at transmission voltage level are SF6 circuit breakers, but the SF6 they emit is one of the six greenhouse gases defined in Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, the development of transmission voltage level vacuum circuit breaker can help the environment. The switching arc phenomena in transmission voltage level vacuum circuit breakers are key issues to explore. This book focuses on the high-current vacuum arcs phenomena at transmission voltage level, especially on the anode spot phenomena, which significantly influence the success o...
Metallurgy in Space
This book presents experimental work conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) in order to characterize metals and alloys in the liquid state. The internationally recognized authors present and discuss experiments performed in microgravity that enabled the study of the relevant volume and surface related properties free of the restrictions of a gravity-based environment. The collection serves also as a handbook of space experiments using electromagnetic levitation techniques. A summary of recent results provides an overview of the wealth of space experiment data, which will ignite further research activities and inspire academics and industrial research departments for their continuous development.
Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance
'Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance' provides comprehensive and exhaustive coverage of the state of the art in magnetic resonance imaging. Focusing on nonclinical applications, readers learn about the possibilities, limitations and strengths of magnetic resonance methods in a broad range of fields, from materials science, medicine, biology, to geology and ecology. New and innovative applications such as polymer and elastomer characterization, analysis of construction materials and material flow, biomedical imaging and plant studies document the significant advances being made in this field. Newcomers will find the tutorial chapter an excellent guide to the fundamentals of magnetic resonan...
