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An overview of the virtual crack closure technique is presented. The approach used is discussed, the history summarized, and insight into its applications provided. Equations for two-dimensional quadrilateral elements with linear and quadratic shape functions are given. Formula for applying the technique in conjuction with three-dimensional solid elements as well as plate/shell elements are also provided. Necessary modifications for the use of the method with geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis and corrections required for elements at the crack tip with different lengths and widths are discussed. The problems associated with cracks or delaminations propagating between different materials are mentioned briefly, as well as a strategy to minimize these problems. Due to an increased interest in using a fracture mechanics based approach to assess the damage tolerance of composite structures in the design phase and during certification, the engineering problems selected as examples and given as references focus on the application of the technique to components made of composite materials.
This book deals with useful plants of neotropical origin, i.e., plants which have been cultivated in Southern and Central America as well as their wild relatives. Quite a number of these trees and bushes have "conquerred" the world as early as 400 years ago and are nowadays of utmost importance for feeding the increasing world population (e.g., potatoes). It has been estimated that about 150 such useful plants stem from the "New World." This book does not only describe the current theories about their domestication, cultivation, and evolution; it also discusses biotechnological methods for improving their productivity. About the German edition: ..". One of the most interesting and recurring themes of this book concerns some little-known species of potential value which may well become important to a future which is certain to present us with serious problems, at least as far as alimentation is considered. BrA1/4cher's book is absolutely up to date in the taxonomic and nomenclatural sense..." "Excerpta Botanica"#1
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This volume covers the various sensors related to automotive and aerospace sectors, discussing their properties as well as how they are realized, calibrated and deployed. Written by experts in the field, it provides a ready reference to product developers, researchers and students working on sensor design and fabrication, and provides perspective on both current and future research.
This new edition includes a discussion of theories about traditional methods of navigation developed during recent decades, the story of the renaissance of star navigation throughout the Pacific, and material about navigation systems in Indonesia, Siberia, and the Indian Ocean.
Reap the benefits of sludge The processing of wastewater sludge for use or disposal has been a continuing challenge for municipal agencies. Yet, whensludge is properly processed, the resulting nutrient-rich product--biosolids--can be a valuable resource for agriculture and other uses. Wastewater Sludge Processing brings together a wide body of knowledge from the field to examine how to effectively process sludge to reap its benefits, yet protect public health. Presented in a format useful as both a reference for practicing environmental engineers and a textbook for graduatestudents, this book discusses unit operations used for processing sludge and the available methods for final disposition...