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Accounts of the international relations of Central America have been dominated by the role of the United States and Great Britain. The role of France in Central America has largely been overshadowed by the other great powers. In a well-written, tight, and masterful synthesis, Thomas Schoonover redresses this imbalance. Based on exhaustive multinational archival research, The French in Central America: Culture and Commerce, 1820-1930 details French attempts to establish a sphere of influence in Central America amongst the machinations of the British, Germans, and U.S. who all sought to dominate trade in Central America, control transit routes between the oceans, advise the national militaries...
Land degradation reduces food productivity and security, disrupts vital ecosystem functions and increases carbon emissions and vulnerability to climate change. 52 percent of the land used for agriculture worldwide is estimated to already be affected. Studies indicate that land degradation directly affects 1.5 billion people around the world. Despite the seriousness of the issue, there is still limited access to resources and planning tools for sustainable land management. Between 2015 to 2019, FAO implemented the project ''Decision support for mainstreaming and scaling up of sustainable land management (DS-SLM)’’ at a global level across 15 countries. The aim of the project was to improve access to information on land management best practices. The final evaluation examines the impacts and sustainability of the project results. What has contributed to, or hindered, the implementation of the planned activities? What has been the effect of linkages and partnerships between the project and other major country initiatives?
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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Spanish Association for Artificial Intelligence, CAEPIA 2018, held in Granada, Spain, in October 2018. The 36 full papers presented were carefully selected from 240 submissions. The Conference of the Spanish Association of Artificial Intelligence (CAEPIA) is a biennial forum open to researchers from all over the world to present and discuss their latest scientific and technological advances in Antificial Intelligence (AI). Authors are kindly requested to submit unpublished original papers describing relevant research on AI issues from all points of view: formal, methodological, technical or applied.
Niklaus Beutler (1817-1890) was born to Johannes Beutler and Maria Haenni in the community of Wyl and was baptized at Schlosswyl, Bern, Switzerland. He married Rosina Andres (1819-1880) in 1840 at Muri, Bern, Switzerland. She was the daughter of Jakob Andres and Anna Blaser born at Oberdiessbach. Niklaus and Rosina lived in the community of Heimberg in the parish of Steffisburg, Switzerland. They immigrated to America in 1851 with the Johann Ulrich Andres family (Rosina's brother) and Peter Mutti arriving at New York City. They settled first at Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, and later in 1865/67 moved to Moniteau Co., Missouri. Includes five generations of descendants of Johann Ulrich Andres, who settled in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio in 1851. Descendants live in Michigan, Missouri, Minnesota, North Dakota, California; Alberta, Canada and elsewhere.
As global priorities shift towards sustainable resources, there is a growing interest in alternatives to petroleum-based raw materials for industrial polyurethane (PU) foam production. Polyurethane foams (PUFs), produced from the reaction between a polyol (a polymer with multiple hydroxyl groups) and a diisocyanate, are widely used for their versatility. They range from flexible foams, like those found in mattresses or furniture, to rigid foams used for home insulation. The market for PU foams is anticipated to grow due to rising demand for comfort. Historically, petroleum-based polyols have been favored for their availability and versatility. However, as petroleum supplies dwindle, with oil...
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En esta, la primera entrega de la exitosa serie Maestros Espirituales, conoceremos cómo Elizabeth, Andrés y Mae son elegidos para servir de puentes entre el plano espiritual y el terrenal. La misión es aprender y evolucionar y, de a poco, acercarse más a Dios. "Los espíritus de los seres humanos se mueven en un plano que tiene siete niveles. En la medida que el espíritu va avanzando en evolución, va subiendo de nivel. Este proceso está determinado por muchos factores. Una vez que el espíritu ha alcanzado el séptimo nivel y cumple satisfactoriamente la vida que está encarnando, se eleva pasando a otro plano. Ya no necesita volver a encarnar en el plano material. Es ahora cuando este espíritu comienza a llamarse maestro".
This book examines the religious and ideological consequences of mass conversion in Iberia, where Jews and Muslims were forcibly converted or expelled at the end of the XVth century and beginning of the XVIth, and in this way it explores the fraught relationship between origins and faith. It treats also of the consequences of coercion on intellectual debates and the production of knowledge, taking into account how integrating new converts from Judaism and Islam stimulated Christian scholars to confront the converts’ sacred texts and created a distinctive peninsular hermeneutics. The book thus assesses the importance of the “Converso problem” in issues such as religious dissidence, dissimulation, and doubt and skepticism while establishing the process by which religious dissidence came to be categorized as heresy and was identified with converts from Judaism and Islam even when Lutheranism was often in the background.
A Scholarly Edition of Andrés de Li’s Thesoro de la passion (1494) is the first new edition of this early Castilian Passion text in five hundred years. Originally published in 1494 by the prolific Zaragozan printer Pablo Hurus, this beautifully illustrated devotional offers the modern reader a glimpse into the complex social world of late fifteenth-century Spain. Li’s converso identity permeates his retelling of the Passion through expositions on hypocrisy, anti-Semitism, and false faith. This new, modernized edition of the Thesoro de la passion dramatically illustrates the unique confluence of social, religious, and cultural forces present during the emergence of Spain’s national identity via analyses of the Thesoro’s Classical, Castilian, and Catalan sources, its importance as an early printed book, Li’s portrayal of the Virgin Mary, Christ, and the Passion events, and the importance of Li’s converso perspectives throughout the work.