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Advancing the Policy Design and Regulatory Framework for Renewable Energies in Latin America and the Caribbean for Grid-scale and Distributed Generation
The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region holds a comfortable leading place in terms of the share of renewables in the electricity generation matrix, mainly due to the share of hydropower generation, which accounts for 46% of total power generation in 2017. Despite the share of renewable in the generation mix decreased by 8.2% from 2000 to 2016, the generation output of renewables increased by 51%, in absolute terms, during the same period. This has been a consequence of the decrease of renewables costs and the result of many policies applied in the LAC region. In this monograph, we study incentive mechanisms for both grid-scale (large and medium scale generation) and DG (small scale generation installed at the main consumption unit) in LAC.
Towards Greater Energy Efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean
Energy efficiency is the best tool to improve sustainability and affordability of energy services. However, there are considerable challenges when it comes to identifying opportunities and measurement. This monograph provides a comprehensive understanding of the trends and progress made in terms of energy intensity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) compared to other world regions and nationally by looking at the aggregate, industrial and household levels. Additionally, it discusses the limitations of using such indicator to measure energy efficiency in LAC. In order to complement perspectives resulting from this indicator, it investigates the counterpart challenge of promoting energy efficiency: creating incentives. To address this challenge, the present document proposes a conceptual framework through which to analyze energy efficiency policies and regulation across the region. This framework consists of four steps: Law and regulation, Types of incentives, Targets and Governance and Support. The analysis carried out leads to policy recommendations at both the national and regional levels.
The Energy Path of Latin America and the Caribbean
With rapid energy growth in the past 40 years, the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region has maintained a steady increase in electricity needs above the global level. While there is no question that demand will remain strong over the next two decades, what remains to be seen is what kind of energy matrix will be used to meet that appetite and what will be the investments going into the industry. This report makes an attempt to answer these critical questions by taking a deep look into the demand and supply side of the industry. To this end, it will seek to (i) identify the amount of demand growth until 2040, (ii) project the electricity generation matrix by each energy source, and (iii) determine the investment requirements by source, based on cost efficiency criteria, for regulators and utilities’ consideration.
Alineamiento de las políticas energéticas y los compromisos climáticos de los países en Latinoamérica
Este estudio realiza un análisis comparativo de las metas de reducción de emisiones propuestas por los diferentes países de América Latina y el Caribe en sus NDC y sus planes de expansión de generación eléctrica. El documento demuestra que hay coherencia entre ambos instrumentos. No obstante, existen desafíos importantes de cara a alinear los objetivos ambientales y los del sector eléctrico: (1) en algunos países los resultados evidencian la necesidad del desarrollo de medidas de mitigación adicionales que conduzcan al cumplimiento de los objetivos; (2) en los países que no poseen planes de expansión, las NDC tienden a ser menos detallados y claros, lo que dificulta validar su factibilidad. En general, se manifiesta la necesidad de fortalecer las capacidades de planificación de los países y de implementar medidas de mitigación más medibles, puesto que todavía existen casos en la región donde los países no cuentan con un órgano institucional que esté a cargo de esta importante tarea o un marco regulatorio que apoye su ejecución.
Dialog Systems
This book focuses on dialog from a varied combination of fields: Linguistics, Philosophy of Language and Computation. It builds on the hypothesis that meaning in human communication arises at the discourse level rather than at the word level. The book offers a complex analytical framework and integration of the central areas of research around human communication. The content revolves around meaning but it also gives evidence of the connection among different points of view. Besides discussing issues of general interest to the field, the book triggers theoretical argumentation that is currently under scientific discussion. It examines such topics as immanent reasoning joined with Recanati's lekta and free enrichment, challenges of internet conversation, inner dialogs, cognition and language, and the relation between assertion and denial. It proposes a dialogical framework for intra-negotiation and gives a geolinguistic perspective on spoken discourse. Finally, it examines dialog and abduction and sheds light on a generation of dialog contexts by means of multimodal logic applied to speech acts.
