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The social cost of legal and illegal drugs in Belgium
Alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs and psychoactive medication (mis)use are associated with a higher likelihood of developing several diseases, (traffic) injuries and crimes. These substances reduce quality of life and increase the health care and law enforcement costs, productivity losses, etc. Consequently, the social and economic impact of substances on society is substantial. The SOCOST study estimates for the first time social costs for alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs and psychoactive medication in Belgium for the year 2012. This cost-of-illness study presents the direct costs, the indirect cost as well as the intangible costs related to substance (mis)use. This research was commissioned by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the Federal Research Programme Drugs. Two universities cooperated: Ghent University, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Interuniversity Centre for Health Economics Research (I-CHER). The research was conducted under supervision of prof. dr. Freya Vander Laenen, prof. dr. Koen Putman, prof. dr. Lieven Pauwels, prof. dr. Wim Hardyns and prof. dr. Lieven Annemans.
Mutual admissibility of evidence in criminal matters in the EU (IRCP-series, vol. 53)
Any effort to gather evidence may prove pointless without ensuring its admissibility. Nevertheless, the EU, while developing instruments for smooth gathering of evidence in criminal matters, is not taking much effort to enhance its admissibility. Due to the lack of common rules in this matter, gathering and use of evidence in the EU cross-border context is still governed by the domestic law of the member states concerned. This may lead to situations where, given the differences between legal systems across the EU, evidence collected in one member state will not be admissible in other member states. Due to the fact that the Lisbon Treaty opened the possibility to adopt minimum rules concernin...
European Criminal Justice and Policy
Reviewing European policy with respect to different phases in the criminal justice chain, the contributions in this book range from looking into the extension of criminalization in the sphere of trafficking in human beings and labor exploitation, to the operability of cross-border execution of sentences involving deprivation of liberty. Most contributions look into the need to develop a conceptual framework to support future policy making, pointing to the lack thereof with respect to liability of legal persons, ne bis in idem as an EU principle, cross-border effect of disqualifications, and cooperation with private security actors. One essay looks into the public expenditure in different phases of the criminal justice chain, based on a case study on the public expenditure of Belgian drug policy. Additionally, from a historical and comparative perspective, the book analyzes specific European and Chinese interrogation rules to provide a solid context for the current situation and to support future legal reforms. (Series: Governance of Security (GofS) Research Paper - Vol. 7)
Social Conflicts, Citizens and Policing
This volume provides new empirical data, theories, and analyses on social conflicts, citizens, and policing. The book contains articles that focus on specific manifestations of socially and/or legally criminalized conflicts which may appear as radicalized. Some articles discuss the new actors that are involved in governance of security in order to support the conventional actors, referring specifically to citizens and private companies. Also, the book presents the results of perception studies on trust, punitiveness, and electronic monitoring at home. The scientific research includes students and convicts enhancing a critical reflection on governance of security. (Series: Governance of Security (GofS) Research Paper - Vol. 6)
Orchid Biotechnology Iv
Orchid Biotechnology IV presents a series of recent work on both basic and applied researches in biotechnology progress for Phalaenopsis, Oncidium and Erycina pusila orchids. These include breeding of Phalaenopsis orchids of black flower, big-white flower and small and floriferous flowers, physiology for shipping and photosynthesis, SSR markers and mitochondrial DNA markers, virus detection and antiviral immunity, embyogenesis and relationship with mycorrhiza symbiosis, transposon and retrotransposon, orchid genome and evolution, regulation of orchid floral scent, floral color modification, and abiotic stress tolerance.The diversity and specialization in orchid floral morphology have fascina...
Financing Health Care in the European Union
Focusing on the three health care financing functions, collection, pooling and purchasing, as well as on coverage, this book analyses the organization of health care financing in the Member States of the European Union, discusses the principal financing reform trends of recent years, and assesses the capacity of these to help ensure fiscal sustainability.
Health Economics for Non-Economists
This book has two aims: to improve current perceptions of the role of economics in healthcare, and to explain the methodology of health economic evaluation.
Fungal Associations
This new edition of Fungal Associations focuses on mycorrhizas, lichens and fungal-bacterial symbioses. It has been completely revised, updated and expanded. Renowned experts present thorough reviews and discuss the most recent findings on molecular interactions between fungi and plants or bacteria that lead to morphological alterations and novel properties in the symbionts. New insights into the beneficial impact of fungal associations on ecosystem health are provided and documented with striking examples.
Orchids Phytochemistry, Biology and Horticulture
This reference work provides an authoritative and comprehensive review of the latest developments in orchids’ biology, biotechnology and phytochemistry, and it also explores the applications of orchids in medicinal chemistry, nutrition and cosmetics industry. Chapters from expert contributors are organised into six sections and cover the entire gamut of orchid research and uses. In this work, readers will learn about topics such as biogeography and diversity of orchids, their biology and environmental factors, their horticulture and phytochemistry, and their use in agri-food, medicinal and perfumery industries. This book will appeal to graduate students, scholars, researchers interested in botany, agriculture, pharmacy, biotechnology and phytochemistry. Industrial scientists and those involved in marketing flowers and phytochemicals, plants and their extracts will also understand the importance of this reference work.
