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Migration and Infant Mortality in Albania
Infant mortality rates are considered by UNICEF as one of the basic indicators to determine the degree of progress a country has in the areas of social and economic development. In the last two decades, Albania went through a substantial reduction in infant mortality rates together with a widespread migration experience. In this paper we investigate whether migration has played any role in this decreasing trend of infant mortality rates in Albania by using the Albanian Demographic and Health Survey 2008-09 (ADHS). We find that migrant households have had lower rates of infant mortality than non-migrant households but only once the endogeneity of migration is tackled with country-specific instrumental variables.
Projecting the Net Fiscal Impact of Immigration Tax in the EU
This report provides an analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in the European Union in the past and the future. It highlights that currently natives generally show a higher net fiscal contribution than extra-EU migrants and a similar contribution to intra-EU migrants. However, due to ageing of the native population, this relationship is bound to reverse in the near future. The reportcalculates that by 2035 an average extra-EU migrant would be a net beneficiary of public transfers, but to a lesser extent than the average native would, while intra-EU mobile citizens would continue being net contributors. The report also analyses six possible policy scenarios and their implications for the...
The Impact of Alternative Childcare Policies on Mothers' Employment for Selected EU Countries
The Barcelona targets on childcare help increase women's labour-market participation and close the gender employment gap by enhancing the provision of early childhood education and care. To contribute to the debate on the revision of the targets, this paper estimates the impact on labour par- ticipation of mothers of alternative scenarios of formal childcare policies for a number of countries. The selected countries (IT, EE, IE, AT, HU, FI, PT, PL) represent different female participation in the labour market and childcare systems. The analysis makes use of the EUROLAB and EU- ROMOD models, based on EU-SILC data, to estimate female labour supply reactions to childcare reforms. Furthermore, E...
Progressive Tax Reforms in Flat Tax Countries
Much of the literature on flat tax reforms has highlighted the benefits of introducing flat personal income tax systems in transition economies. The advocated benefits of flat tax systems range from their simplicity, higher compliance and lower distortionary effects on growth and employment. These arguments have often been cited to support policy recommendations favouring the adoption of flat tax systems in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in the 1990s and the 2000s. However since income inequality is notoriously high in these countries, the question of introducing some progressivity in the tax system has come to the fore in both policy and academic circles. In this paper, we ana...
The Impact of Minimum Wages on Income Inequality in the EU
A number of studies documents that minimum wage policies have the potential to reduce income inequality. The recently adopted EU Commission's proposal for a Directive on adequate minimum wages was supported by a detailed analysis of the social impacts of hypothetical minimum wage levels in countries with a statutory minimum wage. This paper extends these country-level analyses by exploring the impact of minimum wage policies on EU-level income inequality. To our knowledge, this is the first study that uses a microsimulation model such as EUROMOD to assess the impact of EU-promoted policies on the distribution of income in the EU, beyond their national effects. Assuming no employment effects,...
Labour and Capital Adjustment Dynamics Using Bivariate Random Probit
This paper provides empirical evidence on the interrelationship between employment and capital adjustment decisions using a sample of Italian firms during the period 1989-1997. A dynamic bivariate probit model is estimated using a short-cut in the spirit of Heckman estimator. Unobserved heterogeneity and state dependence are found to play an important role for both hiring and investment equations. The estimates of the state dependence are significant and positive for both capital and labour implying that the convex components of adjustment costs are important for the adjustment process of capital and labour. The significant positive correlation between random effects and errors is a strong evidence of the simultaneous interrelationship between factor demand adjustment processes. A positive relation is found only between the occurrence of hiring spikes in one year and the investment spikes in the next year (and not vice-versa) which can be due to the fact that firms need anticipation of skilled labour and training in order to appropriately challenge investment strategies.
Basic Income
“Powerful as well as highly engaging—a brilliant book.” —Amartya Sen A Times Higher Education Book of the Week It may sound crazy to pay people whether or not they’re working or even looking for work. But the idea of providing an unconditional basic income to everyone, rich or poor, active or inactive, has long been advocated by such major thinkers as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, and John Kenneth Galbraith. Now, with the traditional welfare state creaking under pressure, it has become one of the most widely debated social policy proposals in the world. Basic Income presents the most acute and fullest defense of this radical idea, and makes the case that it is our most realistic ...
Making Motherhood Work
The work-family conflict that mothers experience today is a national crisis. Women struggle to balance breadwinning with the bulk of parenting, and social policies aren't helping. Of all Western industrialized countries, the United States ranks dead last for supportive work-family policies. Can American women look to Europe for solutions? Making Motherhood Work draws on interviews that Caitlyn Collins conducted over five years with 135 middle-class working mothers in Sweden, Germany, Italy, and the United States. She explores how women navigate work and family given the different policy supports available in each country. Taking readers into women's homes, neighborhoods, and workplaces, Collins shows that mothers' expectations depend on context and that policies alone cannot solve women's struggles. With women held to unrealistic standards, the best solutions demand that we redefine motherhood, work, and family.
