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This book studies the various definitions of animal nature proposed by nineteenth-century currents of thought in France. It is based on an examination of a number of key thinkers and writers, some well known (for example, Michelet and Lamartine), others largely forgotten (for example, Gleizes and Reynaud). At the centre of the book lies the idea that knowledge of animals is often knowledge of something else, that the primary referentiality is overlaid with additional levels of meaning. In nineteenth-century France thinking about animals (their future and their past) became a way of thinking about power relations in society, for example about the status of women and the problem of the labouring classes. This book analyses how animals as symbols externalize and mythologize human fears and wishes, but it also demonstrates that animals have an existence in and for themselves and are not simply useful counters functioning within discourse.
From the seventeenth to the eighteenth century, there was a tendency among novelists to adopt a female voice. What utterances did this pseudo-female pen make possible? This study begins by looking at the "female genres" of the seventeenth century before focusing on the voice of Marianne in Marivaux's work, and examines its legacy up to La Religieuse and La Nouvelle Heloise.
Ce manuel propose un cours complet sur chacune des œuvres de littérature française inscrites au programme de l’agrégation de Lettres modernes 2023, du XVIe au XXe siècle : Eustache Deschamps, Anthologie ; Jean de Léry, Histoire d’un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil ; Tristan L’Hermite, La Mariane, La Mort de Sénèque, Osman, dans Tragédies ; Denis Diderot, La Religieuse ; Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Les Pleurs ; Marcel Proust, Le Temps retrouvé. Les cours, entièrement rédigés par des spécialistes, offrent tous les éléments utiles à la connaissance de la genèse des œuvres, à leur analyse factuelle, ainsi qu’à la compréhension des enjeux littéraires propres à chacune d’entre elles. Chaque partie est suivie d’une bibliographie sélective de référence et de sujets de dissertation. Par l'originalité de sa formule éditoriale autant que par la richesse et le sérieux de son contenu, cet ouvrage constitue une aide indispensable pour la préparation à l’agrégation de Lettres modernes.