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O mínimo existencial reverencia a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais sociais, historicamente relegados à normatividade meramente formal. A evolução do Constitucionalismo reestrutura a base de incidência e aplicabilidade dos preceitos constitucionais, tornando-os efetivos. Dessa forma, configura-se de extrema importância um olhar do Estado, considerando os entraves orçamentários e fiscais que dificultam a execução das políticas públicas para efetivação dessas garantias fundamentais de natureza social, no sentido de concretizar o núcleo mínimo desses direitos prestacionais, estando a educação básica inserida nesse patamar essencial de direito inerente à dignidade da pessoa humana. Nessa perspectiva é que em 15 de dezembro de 2016 foi aprovada a Emenda Constitucional 95, que estabelece que, a partir de 2018, os gastos federais, incluindo serviços relacionados à educação básica, só poderão aumentar de acordo com a inflação acumulada conforme o Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA). Neste livro, busca-se analisar em que medida a recente aprovação da Emenda supracitada representa uma violação à vedação ao retrocesso social.
This handbook in two parts covers key topics of the theory of financial decision making. Some of the papers discuss real applications or case studies as well. There are a number of new papers that have never been published before especially in Part II.Part I is concerned with Decision Making Under Uncertainty. This includes subsections on Arbitrage, Utility Theory, Risk Aversion and Static Portfolio Theory, and Stochastic Dominance. Part II is concerned with Dynamic Modeling that is the transition for static decision making to multiperiod decision making. The analysis starts with Risk Measures and then discusses Dynamic Portfolio Theory, Tactical Asset Allocation and Asset-Liability Manageme...
The first of many important works featured in CRC Press’ Metals and Alloys Encyclopedia Collection, the Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys covers all the fundamental, theoretical, and application-related aspects of the metallurgical science, engineering, and technology of iron, steel, and their alloys. This Five-Volume Set addresses topics such as extractive metallurgy, powder metallurgy and processing, physical metallurgy, production engineering, corrosion engineering, thermal processing, metalworking, welding, iron- and steelmaking, heat treating, rolling, casting, hot and cold forming, surface finishing and coating, crystallography, metallography, computational metallurgy, me...
Vila Rica é conhecida hoje como Ouro Preto.
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Exploring the multifaceted history of dispossession, consumption, and inequality in West Central Africa, Mariana P. Candido presents a bold revisionist history of Angola from the sixteenth century until the Berlin Conference of 1884–5. Synthesising disparate strands of scholarship, including the histories of slavery, land tenure, and gender in West Central Africa, Candido makes a significant contribution to ongoing historical debates. She demonstrates how ideas about dominion and land rights eventually came to inform the appropriation and enslavement of free people and their labour. By centring the experiences of West Central Africans, and especially African women, this book challenges dominant historical narratives, and shows that securing property was a gendered process. Drawing attention to how archives obscure African forms of knowledge and normalize conquest, Candido interrogates simplistic interpretations of ownership and pushes for the decolonization of African history.
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