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Making it in Canada
Canada needs a balanced approach to immigration that addresses both short and long-term labour market and other goals, and focuses on highly skilled immigration. Over the past three decades the labour market outcomes of immigrants to Canada have declined. Many recent arrivals have had difficulty finding employment, and earnings have gone down, particularly among men. Research has shown that there is no single explanation for this decline, pointing instead to a number of factors such as a shift in source countries, weak language skills, low economic recognition of foreign work experience and the high-tech bust of the early 2000s. In response, the Canadian government has significantly altered the country's immigration policy. Although labour market outcomes have improved somewhat since the reform, the overall trend has not been reversed. Garnett Picot and Arthur Sweetman review the existing research, discuss recent changes to immigration policy and programs, and present a number of policy recommendations to address these challenges.--Document.
Immigrant Earnings Growth
We use longitudinal tax data linked to immigrant landing records to study the effect of selective attrition on the estimated earnings assimilation of immigrants to Canada. Contrary to findings in the existing international literature, we show that the immigrant-native earnings gap closes at the same pace in longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Low-earning immigrants are likely to leave the cross-sectional samples over time, but the same is true for the native born. Our study suggests that immigrants to Canada have labour market participation dynamics similar to those of the native born. On utilise des données fiscales longitudinales qu'on peut connecter aux dossiers d'immigration pour ét...
Immigration, Business Ownership and Employment in Canada
This paper provides, for the first time, an overview of immigrant business ownership and the associated employment in Canada. The focus is on ownership of private incorporated firms and on the unincorporated self-employed. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly describes the data sources used in the analysis. Section 3 provides a snapshot of immigrant-owned private incorporated companies in 2010. Section 4 looks at the immigrant ownership dynamics during the first 10 years in Canada. Unincorporated self-employment among immigrants is discussed in Section 5. Section 6 documents self-employment trajectories of immigrants who arrived in Canada in 2004. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the main findings and offers conclusions.--Document.
The Human Capital Model of Selection and the Long-run Economic Outcomes of Immigrants
"This paper examines the trends in the earnings advantage that more highly educated immigrants hold over less educated immigrants by immigration class. The focus is on three questions. First, did the well-documented decline in entry earnings observed over the last quarter-century vary by immigrant educational level and by admission class? Second, have there been significant shifts across recent cohorts in the economic advantage that more highly educated immigrants hold over their less educated counterparts, both at entry and in the longer run? Third, and most importantly, does the relative earnings advantage of more highly educated immigrants change with time spent in Canada, that is, in the longer run?"--Document.
