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Mass Terms and Model-Theoretic Semantics
'Mass terms' like water, rice and traffic, have proved very difficult to accommodate in any theory of meaning since, unlike count nouns such as house or dog, they cannot be treated as denoting sets of individuals. In this study, motivated by the need to design a computer program for understanding natural language utterances containing mass terms, Harry Bunt provides a thorough analysis of the problem and offers an original and detailed solution. An extension of classical set theory, Ensemble Theory, is defined. This provides the formal basis of a framework for the analysis of natural language meaning which Dr Bunt calls two-level model-theoretic semantics. The validity of the framework is convincingly demonstrated by the detailed analysis of a fragment of English including sentences with quantified and modified mass terms. This significant advance in our understanding of the formal syntactic and semantic properties of mass terms will be of interest not only to linguists and logicians, but also to all those concerned with the processing of natural language.
The Clause in English
The focus in this volume is on grammatical aspects of the clause in English, presenting a fine balance between theoretically- and descriptively-oriented approaches. Some authors investigate the status and properties of 'minor' or 'fringe' constructions, including 'deictic-presentationals'; non-restrictive relative clauses with that; 'isolated if-clauses', and 'exceptional clauses'. In some articles the validity of conventional accounts and approaches is questioned: such as traditional constituency trees and labelled bracketings as a means of representing relationships between parenthetical elements and their 'hosts'; or traditional morphophonemic analyses as explanations for Ross's 'doubl-in...
Dialogue and Instruction
Editor's Introduction.- Dialogue Constraints in Instruction.- Asymmetry & Accommodation in Tutorial Dialogues.- Negotiation in Collaborative Problem-Solving Dialogues.- Using Rhetorical Relations in Building a Coherent Conversational Teaching Session.- Graphics & Natural Language in Design & Instruction.- Simulator-Based Training-Support Tools for Process-Control Operators.- Designing Newton's Laws: Patterns of Social & Representational Feedback in a Learning Task.- Learning by Explaining: Fostering Collaborative Progressive Discourse in Science.- Tools for Collaborative Learning in Optics.- Deciding What to Say: An Agent-Theoretic Approach to Tutorial Dialogue.- Feedback in Computer-Assiste...
Statistical Methods for Annotation Analysis
Labelling data is one of the most fundamental activities in science, and has underpinned practice, particularly in medicine, for decades, as well as research in corpus linguistics since at least the development of the Brown corpus. With the shift towards Machine Learning in Artificial Intelligence (AI), the creation of datasets to be used for training and evaluating AI systems, also known in AI as corpora, has become a central activity in the field as well. Early AI datasets were created on an ad-hoc basis to tackle specific problems. As larger and more reusable datasets were created, requiring greater investment, the need for a more systematic approach to dataset creation arose to ensure in...
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Language Production
This volume comprises contributions from different disciplines (cognitive psychology, linguistics, computer science, neuroscience) concerned with the generation of natural speech. It summarizes the outcome of a six-year long priority program funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) that aimed at bringing together colleagues with different viewpoints but sharing a principal interest in the cognitive processes underlying language production. The result is a state-of-the-art discussion of one of the most fascinating branches of human behavior taking into account a particularly rich multidisciplinary empirical data base.
The Interactive Stance
This book presents one of the first attempts at developing a precise, grammatically rooted, theory of conversation motivated by data from real conversations. It argues that the right way to construe grammar is as a system that characterizes types of talk in interaction.
Boys' Life
Boys' Life is the official youth magazine for the Boy Scouts of America. Published since 1911, it contains a proven mix of news, nature, sports, history, fiction, science, comics, and Scouting.
Meaning and Grammar of Nouns and Verbs
The papers collected in this book cover contemporary and original research on semantic and grammatical issues of nouns and noun phrases, verbs and sentences, and aspects of the combination of nouns and verbs, in a great variety of languages. A special focus is put on noun types, tense and aspect semantics, granularity of verb meaning, and subcompositionality. The investigated languages and language groups include Austronesian, East Asian, Slavic, German, English, Hungarian and Lakhota. The collection provided in this book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students specialising in the fields of semantics, morphology, syntax, typology, and cognitive sciences.
Features
This book presents a critical overview of current work on linguistic features - gender, number, case, person, etc. - and establishes new bases for their use in the study and understanding of language. It brings together perspectives from phonology to formal syntax and semantics, expounding features in typology, computer applications, and logic.
Cognitive Set Theory
Cognitive Set Theory applies mereology and set theory to perception and thought. Using generic concepts such as part, whole, and reference, it explores the physical, perceptual, and conceptual universes. This book appeals to an audience at the crossroads of psychology, linguistics, logic, mathematics, and philosophy. It is accessible to anyone, and relies heavily on hierarchy and diagrams to illustrate key points.
