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The aim of the book is to analyze the perception of the Tsarist and Bolshevik Russia in the Polish political thought in the 19th and 20th century. The wide and well-documented research applies an original multidisciplinary approach, combining the methods used in many disciplines, such as history, social science and social psychology. The authors of the book successfully defend the thesis that the perception of Russia cannot be fully understood without considering the «internal» aspects linked to the culture of this country in its psychological and moral dimension, as well as in its literary, architectural and artistic tradition.
At the end of the Second World War, mass forced migration and population movement accompanied the collapse of Nazi Germany's occupation and the start of Soviet domination in East-Central Europe. Hugo Service examines the experience of Poland's new territories, exploring the Polish Communist attempt to 'cleanse' these territories in line with a nationalist vision, against the legacy of brutal wartime occupations of Central and Eastern Europe by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The expulsion of over three million Germans was intertwined with the arrival of millions of Polish settlers. Around one million German citizens were categorised as 'native Poles' and urged to adopt a Polish national identity. The most visible traces of German culture were erased. Jewish Holocaust survivors arrived and, for the most part, soon left again. Drawing on two case studies, the book exposes how these events varied by region and locality.
The contributions in Civilizing Missions in the Twentieth Century discuss how top-down interventions to “improve” societies were justified in terms such as nation building, social engineering, humanitarianism, modernization or the spread of democracy.
The introduction of martial law on December 12th 1981 was one of the turning points in Polish history. It was on that night when all hope for changing the economically insufficient, ideologically foreign communist political system – which disregarded Polish culture and history – was lost. After nearly sixteen months of slow liberalisation of communism in the country, the repressions towards dissidents (far more severe than during Edward Gierek’s rule), intensified censorship, party-controlled culture and science, and the omnipotence of the communist leaders made a comeback. Underground structures of Solidarity emerged as an answer to the violence spreading all around, making it impossi...