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Cancer is a leading cause of death and main contributor for disease burden globally. To treat the majority of cancer types, surgery is the only curable strategy for patients at an earlier stage; it also can be used for palliative care when patients are at a later stage. Video-assisted surgery (VAS) has been introduced for decades, as a safe and effective method to treat diseases, including cancer. Compared to open surgery, the traditional type of surgery, VAS allows resection to be minimally invasive, contributing to better intra- and post-operative patient outcomes, especially for faster recovery. With the benefits, a higher utilization of healthcare services to the public can be achieved, including a shorter hospitalization for the patients.
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This case discusses a systematic review of meta-analyses, which summarizes results from several meta-analyses. I and colleagues reviewed eligible meta-analyses in an effort to summarize how well the treatment effects in surrogate endpoints like progression-free survival could predict the treatment effects in overall survival, in order to evaluate whether progression-free survival and other surrogate endpoints could be valid enough as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in oncological randomized controlled trials with immunotherapies. The structure of a systematic review of meta-analyses is almost the same as the structure of a single systematic review and/or meta-analysis, which has been very well described in other works. Therefore, in this case study, I briefly describe the basic steps of conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses. Based on the steps, I provide some of my thoughts about how to conduct a systematic review effectively and efficiently.
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Secondary data save time and cost for researchers. However, it is important to assess the representativeness of the data that can be utilized to generate results that have clinical implications for patients. This case study talks about the costs and benefits of using secondary data, the importance of assessing the generalizability of secondary data, and a few practices with respect to data analysis and visualization.
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While dealing with the design and operation of ion sources, this book additionally discusses the physics of ion formation of the various elements with different charge states and charge neutralization. Ion selection and beam diagnostics are equally included, and the presentation of the necessary equations and diagrams for the various parameters makes this a useful handbook for ion sources.