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The species–area relationship (SAR) describes a range of related phenomena that are fundamental to the study of biogeography, macroecology and community ecology. While the subject of ongoing debate for a century, surprisingly, no previous book has focused specifically on the SAR. This volume addresses this shortfall by providing a synthesis of the development of SAR typologies and theory, as well as empirical research and application to biodiversity conservation problems. It also includes a compilation of recent advances in SAR research, comprising novel SAR-related theories and findings from the leading authors in the field. The chapters feature specific knowledge relating to terrestrial, marine and freshwater realms, ensuring a comprehensive volume relevant to a wide range of fields, with a mix of review and novel material and with clear recommendations for further research and application.
Anfang diesen Jahres oder Anfang dieses Jahres, Speisekarte oder Speisenkarte, wir Deutsche oder wir Deutschen? Immer wieder rufen konkurrierende sprachliche Ausdrücke Zweifel hervor, welcher von ihnen den Regeln entspricht und "richtig" ist bzw. welcher "falsch" ist. Oder sollte es noch etwas dazwischen geben, eingeschränkt akzeptable Varianten? Solche sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle, solche Schwankungen im Sprachgebrauch zeigen am besten an, dass und wo sich gerade ein Sprachwandel vollzieht. Der Sprachwandel, die ständige und unaufhaltsame Veränderung unserer Sprache im Wortschatz und in allen anderen Bereichen ist als Geschichte der deutschen Sprache wissenschaftlich gut erforscht und beschrieben. Sprachdidaktisch handelt es sich dagegen um ein weitgehend unbestelltes Feld, obwohl länderübergreifend in Bildungsplänen und Lehrplänen der Sprachwandel unter Einschluss der Entwicklungstendenzen der Gegenwartssprache im Deutschunterricht vorgesehen und sogar Abiturthema ist. Diese Lücke soll die vorliegende Didaktik des Sprachwandels und der sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle füllen.
Designed as a contribution to contrastive linguistics, the present volume brings up-to-date the comparison of German with its closest neighbour, Dutch, and other Germanic relatives like English, Afrikaans, and the Scandinavian languages. It takes its inspiration from the idea of a "Germanic Sandwich", i.e. the hypothesis that sets of genetically related languages diverge in systematic ways in diverse domains of the linguistic system. Its contributions set out to test this approach against new phenomena or data from synchronic, diachronic and, for the first time in a Sandwich-related volume, psycholinguistic perspectives. With topics ranging from nickname formation to the IPP (aka 'Ersatzinfi...
The development of emerging technologies demands a rapidly expanding knowledge base and intensive collaboration across organizational, institutional and cultural borders. This book is the first of its kind to focus on the management of key emerging tec
With the growing global fear of a major pandemic, avian influenza (AI) virus research has greatly increased in importance. In Avian Influenza Virus, an expert team of researchers and diagnosticians examine the fundamental, yet essential, virological methods for AI virus research and diagnostics as well as some of the newest molecular procedures currently used for basic and applied research. They present exciting, cutting-edge new methods that focus both on studying the virus itself and on work with avian hosts, an area greatly lacking in research.
This is the first comprehensive reference on trust-region methods, a class of numerical algorithms for the solution of nonlinear convex optimization methods. Its unified treatment covers both unconstrained and constrained problems and reviews a large part of the specialized literature on the subject. It also provides an up-to-date view of numerical optimization.
Built on the framework of the successful first edition, this book serves as a modern introduction to the field of optimization. The author’s objective is to provide the foundations of theory and algorithms of nonlinear optimization as well as to present a variety of applications from diverse areas of applied sciences. Introduction to Nonlinear Optimization gradually yet rigorously builds connections between theory, algorithms, applications, and actual implementation. The book contains several topics not typically included in optimization books, such as optimality conditions in sparsity constrained optimization, hidden convexity, and total least squares. Readers will discover a wide array o...