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Since the turn of the century Iran has experienced three major political upheavals in the struggle to democratize her political systems. The last revolution inaugurated an era of unprecedented turmoil and instead of fulfilling its democratic aim, paved the way for an even more despotic theocracy. To put the revolution in a proper perspective, some attempt is made to explain the reasons for Khomeini’s success in acquiring first, the symbolic leadership of the anti-Shah revolution, and then, the monopolistic control of power in Iran. How and why the other claimants to power were shunted aside and later brutally repressed is a further theme for discussion. The domestic and external ramifications of the revolution are examined in detail; in particular the rise of the anti-American feeling which culminated in the hostage crisis. In conclusion, an analysis is offered of the instrumentalities of power available to the Islamic Republic, and several scenarios are explored in which Iran’s competing forces may converge to determine whether this third revolution will finally succeed in subordinating political authority to popular democratic consent.
This book is a fascinating critical examination of the characteristics and development of the armed forces in Iran, their role under the Shah and their re-creation in the war against Iraq as the fighting forces of Islam. The author examines the contradictory accounts, including the Shah’s own Answer to History, as well as newly available accounts by highly placed ex-officials, and interviews with exiled army officers. He examines in detail the apparent shift of allegiance within the forces from the Shah to Imam and the ways in which this was accomplished. Major Iranian offensives, changing strategies from human wave assault to the Tankers War, and the delicate balance between the regular Army and the Revolutionary Guards, are also extensively examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the potential role of the armed forces in a succession crisis.
This book examines the structure and ideology of all the main leftist groups in Iran. It considers their role in the Revolution, and analyses their relations with Khomeini and his colleagues. It also explains why the majority of the leftist organisations had defected from the Islamic regime by the summer of 1981. A second important theme of the book is the way in which the Soviet Union responded to the treatment of the Left by the Islamic government. Based on extensive analysis of original source material in Farsi and other languages and numerous interviews with leftist leaders and participants, the book provides a detailed portrait of the Left in contemporary Iran.
An account of the career of Abol Hassan Ebtehaj.
Essays on peasant farmers and development policies in developing countries, partic. Indonesia - discusses liberal political ideology, industrialism, ecological problems, war and dependence; attacks the social sciences for their condemnation of peasantrys; examines peasant farmer attitudes towards the communist political movement in Java, and rural mobilization for rural development; criticises social research on Southeast Asia in Australia since 1945, and analysis of social stratification. Bibliography, references.
Why did the CIA overthrow Iran's democratically elected government? And why has the United States treated Iran as one of its biggest enemies for four decades? Is the Trump administration’s “Maximum Pressure” campaign working, or will it precipitate a war with Iran? In The CIA Insider's Guide to Iran: from CIA Coup to the Brink of War, former CIA Officer John C. Kiriakou and investigative journalist and historian Gareth Porter explain how and why the United States and Iran have been either at war or threatening such a war for most of the forty years since Islamic Republic of Iran was established. The authors delve below the surface explanations for the forty-year history of extreme U.S....
Collier presents a timely and fresh reexamination of one of the most important bilateral relationships of the last century. He delves deeply into the American desire to promote democracy in Iran from the 1940s through the early 1960s and examines the myriad factors that contributed to their success in exerting a powerful influence on Iranian politics. By creating a framework to understand the efficacy of external pressure, Collier explains how the United States later relinquished this control during the 1960s and 1970s. During this time, the shah emerged as a dominant and effective political operator who took advantage of waning American influence to assert his authority. Collier reveals how this shifting power dynamic transformed the former client-patron relationship into one approaching equality.
Wenn eine große Zahl von Menschen an einem Ort zusammenkommt, kann dies zufällig oder beiläufig geschehen wie in den Einkaufsstraßen der globalen Metropolen. Folgen solche Agglomerationen politischen Impulsen, dann kann man in Anlehnung an den Historiker Georges Lefebvre (1874–1959) bereits von einer Art "Versammlung" ( rassemblement) sprechen, die wenigstens basale Formen der Verfasstheit aufzuweisen pflegt. Wie in Jenseits der Ordnung? anhand von Beispielen aus dem gesamten europäischen Raum erörtert wird, war dies in der Frühen Neuzeit kaum anders. Auf der einen Seite erfüllte die Menge zu dieser Zeit eine konstitutionelle Funktion, indem sie im Rahmen ritueller und zeremonielle...
Unfairly demonized by its adversaries—including the Sunni Arab countries, along with the US and EU—Iran is wary of the world's powers, after having been preyed upon to achieve other countries' political aims. Iranians are Shia Muslims, a minority sect comprising only 10 to 15% of the billion-plus Muslims in the world. Shias’ persecution and marginalization began in ancient times after the demise of the Prophet of Islam in 632, and has continued ever since. In modern times, their worldwide oppression has been spearheaded by Saudi Arabia—whose religion considers Shias to be apostates who deserve to be killed—and its allies, a persecution that began with the 1979 Iranian Revolution, w...