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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including gastric cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and pancreatic cancer, seriously threaten the health of human beings worldwide with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The clinical successes achieved with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 have opened a new cancer therapy era and brought new hope to cancer patients. However, the overall response rate (ORR) of ICI monotherapy in the non-selective population is only about 20%, in which some patients subsequently develop immunotherapy resistance. Moreover, the remaining 70-80% of patients displayed primary resistance to ICIs, and a few patients even exp...
Gastroesophageal cancer is among the most common malignant diseases worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates, leading to a substantial burden on public health and healthcare systems around the world. Chemotherapeutic drugs have achieved great success in the treatment of esophageal cancer; however, they also bring cytotoxicity to other organs and often have serious side effects. With the development of molecular diagnostics and biomarker discovery, the application of precision medicine has emerged to improve clinical outcomes. New antineoplastic therapy development is a timely topic in light of the recent development of precision medicine. New biotherapies aim to inhibit or regul...