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Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness
Human African Trypaniosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is an old disease to be now considered as reemergent. HAT is endemic in 36 sub-Saharan African countries, in areas where tsetse flies are found. The public health importance of HAT is underestimated, but the disease causes severe social disruption in many rural areas. Along the past fifteen years, numerous studies were made, and now, the mechanisms involved in the disease pathogenesis and in the characteristics of sleep-wake disruption become to be better understood. But, since 50 years, when current drugs were introduced, problems regarding HAT chemotherapy have not been solved. Nevertheless, in-depth studies about trypanosome metabolism have permitted to discover new drug targets. Written by specialists who are very experienced in their respective fields, the contributions provide an indispensable tool for practitioners and scientists.
Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
As it is a goal to eliminate human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; sleeping sickness) as a public health problem by 2020 and interrupt transmission by 2030, this is a good moment to reflect on what we have achieved, what we want to achieve, and what could get in our way. HAT has a reputation for spectacular reappearances, and the latest peak of 40,000 reported and over 300,000 estimated cases only dates back to 1998. Efforts of the WHO and partners as well as the development of simpler and much better-tolerated treatments, improved diagnostics, and vector control tools made it possible to reduce this number by 95%. Case identification and confirmation remain complex and require specific skills...
Control and Surveillance of Human African Trypanosomiasis
This report provides information about new diagnostic approaches, new therapeutic regimens and better understanding of the distribution of the disease with high-quality mapping. The roles of human and animal reservoirs and the tsetse fly vectors that transmit the parasites are emphasized. The new information has formed the basis for an integrated strategy with which it is hoped that elimination of HAT will be achieved. The report also contains recommendations on the approaches that will lead to elimination of the disease. Human African Tryponosomiasis (HAT) is a disease that afflicts populations in rural Africa, where the tsetse fly vector that transmits the causative trypanosome parasites t...
The African Trypanosomes
African trypanosomes are tsetse-transmitted protozoa that inhabit the extracellular compartment of host blood. They cause fatal sleeping sickness in people, and Nagana, a wasting and generally fatal disease, in cattle. While trypanosomes are most common to Africa (about 30% of Africa's cattle graze on the fringe of the tsetse habitat), some species have spread beyond its boarders to Asia, the Middle East and South America. The African Trypanosomes, volume one of World Class Parasites, is written for researchers, students and scholars who enjoy reading research that has a major impact on human health, or agricultural productivity, and against which we have no satisfactory defense. It is intended to supplement more formal texts that cover taxonomy, life cycles, morphology, vector distribution, symptoms and treatment. It integrates vector, pathogen and host biology and celebrates the diversity of approach that comprises modern parasitological research.
African Trypanosomiasis
Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is caused by infection with the morphologically indistinguishable subspecies Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (in East and Southern Africa) and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (in West and Central Africa). The disease is presently almost under control and less than 4000 cases are currently reported. In both, T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense infection, after the injection of infective metacyclic trypanosomes with tsetse fly vector saliva, the parasites establish in the skin, differentiate to the bloodstream stage and spread via the local draining lymph node into the vascular system. In this book, Chapter One presents an overview of the current epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment options. Chapter Two provides an in-depth review of diagnostic methods for African trypanosomiasis. Chapter Three discusses the use of aminoadamantane derivatives against Trypanosoma brucei.
Control and Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis
Contracting is a tool that is playing an increasing role in many health systems. Although contracting has the potential to add benefits to health systems it also adds further complexity. Following a substantial health sector reform and the introduction of a purchaser-provider split contracting became a central part of the management of New Zealand's publicly funded health system during the period 1993 to 2000. This publication examines a number of different aspects of New Zealand's experience of using contracts in the health sector including the contracting process contract content and form purchaser-provider relationships including sources of tension and factors that alleviated tensions and issues related to monitoring and accountability. This publication may assist other countries that are using or are planning to use contracts within their health systems.
Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis
This new volume written by experts in the field of trypanosome research covers every aspect of trypanosome-vector-host biology. It is a must read for basic researchers working with trypanosomes and related organisms, infection and drug development as well as parasitology in a broader sense.
The Trypanosomiases
This state-of-the-art reference book includes comprehensive coverage of the biology and control of African, Asian and South American trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") in man and animals. It describes recent research developments in the biology and molecular biology of trypanosomes (the protozoan parasite) and their vectors, and methods in diagnosis and control, such as trapping tsetse fly vectors. Different sections of the book are devoted to biology of trypanosomes, vector biology, epidemiology and diagnosis, pathogenesis, disease impact, chemotherapy and disease control, and vector control. The book contains contributions from leading experts from Europe, North and South America, and Africa.
