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After the treaties between Japan and America, England, the Netherlands, France and Russia, in 1859 the port of Yokohama was opened for foreign merchants. Since there were exceptionally little Western women after the opening of this treaty port, the authorities installed a brothel quarter. But the high infection risks made the resident foreigners cautious. They started to contract girls from local merchant families to stay with them, as if having a "marriage on time". Often out of these relationships children were born, for whom reportedly especially the Dutch and German foreigners felt deeply responsible. The Dutch merchant Rudolf Adriaan Mees had two successive Japanese women Okino and Mai, with whom he had two sons. Their case can be considered representative for an intense cultural interaction between two extremely different cultures at the beginning of the modern era in Meiji Japan.
Back cover: In this work, Laura J. Hunt notes the evidence of local interactions with Rome in important first-century CE cities. The resulting reading of the Johannine trial narrative depicts Jesus in the words and images of a Caesar, and Pilate negotiating his power over "the Jews" and his vulnerabilty before Caesar.
We show that the creation of the first integrated pan-European transport network during Roman times influences economic integration over two millennia. Drawing on spatially highly disaggregated data on excavated Roman ceramics, we document that interregional trade was strongly influenced by connectivity within the network. Today, these connectivity differentials continue to influence cross-regional firm investment behaviour. Continuity is largely explained by selective infrastructure routing and cultural integration due to bilateral convergence in preferences and values. Both plausibly arise from network-induced history of repeated socio-economic interaction. We show that our results are Roman-connectivity specific and do not reflect pre-existing patterns of exchange.