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The field of endocrine-related cancers is rapidly evolving, driven by significant advancements in understanding the molecular and genetic underpinnings of these diseases. These cancers, which include various malignancies affecting the endocrine system, pose unique challenges due to their complex interactions with hormonal pathways. The development of targeted therapies has skyrocketed in recent years, bringing hope for more effective and personalized treatment options. Concurrently, the discovery and validation of biomarkers have become pivotal in diagnosis, prognostication, and guidance on therapy decision-making, marking a shift towards precision oncology. Additionally, innovative research...
Adrenal tumors are commonly encountered in the practice of radiology (adrenal incidentalomas). They may arise from the adrenal gland itself, either the cortex or the medulla, or they could be secondary lesions, and they may be benign or malignant. When an adrenal tumor is identified, the key clinical questions are whether it is functioning and whether it is malignant. It is vital to be familiar with imaging characteristics of adrenal tumors for appropriate diagnosis and management. Regarding functionality, although 75% of adrenal tumors are non-functioning cortical adenomas, there is a subset of these masses with important clinical consequences (i.e. primary adrenal cancer or metastases to adrenal glands, pheochromocytoma and functional tumors that secrete cortisol, aldosterone or androgens). The delayed or false diagnosis may lead to development of severe complications of excess of secreted hormones (e.g. resistant hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis in case of hypercortisolaemia, hypertensive crisis or myocardial infarction in case of pheochromocytoma) or metastases (in case of primary adrenal cancer of malignant pheochromocytoma).
With contributions from top geographers, this Companion frames sustainability as exemplar of transdisciplinary science (critical geography) while improving future scenarios, debating perspectives between rich North/poor South, modern urban/backwards rural, and everything in between. The Companion has five sections that carry the reader from foundational considerations to integrative trends, to resources use and accommodation, to examples highlighting non-traditional pathways, to a postscript about cooperation of the industrialized Earth and a prognosis of the road ahead for the new geographies of sustainability.
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