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Israel
Contents: (1) Recent Developments: Domestic Politics; Election Results and Analysis; Gov¿t. Formation; New Gov¿t.; Peace Process with the Palestinians; Iran; U.S. Policy; (2) Historical Overview of Israel; (3) Gov¿t. and Politics: Political Developments since 2005; Gov¿t. and Politics; War and Repercussions; Effects of Renewed Peace Process; Scandals and Political Change; (4) Economy: Overview; Current Situation; (5) Foreign Policy; Middle East; EU; (6) Relations with the U.S.: Overview; Issues; Peace Process: Settlements; Jerusalem; Syrian Talks; Democratization Policy; Trade and Invest.; Energy Coop.; Aid; Security Coop.; Military Sales; Espionage-Related Cases; Use of U.S. Arms; Intellectual Property Protection; (7) U.S. Interest Groups. Illus.
Israel's Blockade of Gaza and the 'Mavi Marmara' Incident
Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip in 2005, but retained control of its borders. Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian elections and later seized control of the territory in 2007. Israel imposed a tighter blockade on the flow of goods and materials into Gaza in 2009 after an offensive that destroyed much of Gaza¿s infrastructure. Israel has obstructed the delivery of rebuilding materials that it said could also be used to manufacture weapons. The territory¿s economy and people are suffering. In May 2010, a six-ship flotilla was organized to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza and to break Israel¿s blockade. On May 31, Israeli commandos intercepted the convoy in international waters. The confrontation resulted in 9 people killed. This report summarizes these events.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
Contents: (1) Recent Develop.; (2) Background: U.S. Role; 1991-2008; Obama Admin.; Madrid Conf.; Bilateral Talks and Develop; Israel-Palestinians; Israel-Syria; Israel-Lebanon; Israel-Jordan; (3) Agree.; Israel-PLO Mutual Recognition; Decl. of Principles; Agree. on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area; Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty; Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agree., West Bank-Gaza Strip; Protocol Concerning the Redeploy. in Hebron; Wye River Memo.; Sharm al Shaykh Memo.; A Performance-Based Road Map to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict; Agree. on Movement and Access; Joint Understanding; (4) Role of Congress: Aid; Jerusalem; Compliance/Sanctions; Israeli Raid on Suspected Syrian Nuclear Site. Map.
Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: The Annapolis Conference
At the end of November 2007, the Bush Administration convened an international conference in Annapolis, Maryland, to officially revive the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Palestinian Authority (PA) President Mahmud Abbas reached a "Joint Understanding," in which they agreed to launch continuous bilateral negotiations in an effort to conclude a peace treaty by the end of 2008 and to simultaneously implement the moribund 2003 Performance-Based Road Map to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Both leaders are operating under significant domestic political constraints and they continue to disagree on many issues. Thus, their negotiations will be challenging. This report will not be updated. For background and future developments, see CRS Report RL33530, "Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy," by Carol Migdalovitz.
The Middle East Peace Talks
After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process was begun, with Israel and the Palestinians discussing a five-year period of interim self-rule leading to a final settlement. Israel and Syria discussed Israeli withdrawal from the Golan Heights in exchange for peace. Israel and Jordan discussed relations. Israel and Lebanon focused on Israel's withdrawal from its self-declared security zone in south Lebanon and reciprocal Lebanese actions. On September 13, 1993, Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) signed a Declaration of Principles (DOP), providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control. Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein of Jordan signe...
Algeria
The focus of this report is Algeria, a country in North Africa that is increasingly important for U.S. efforts to counter international terrorism as a key partner in the fight against Al Qaeda linked groups. As an energy producer, it also is a significant source of natural gas for the United States and not a major recipient of U.S. aid. Contents of this report: Government and Politics; Terrorism; Counterterrorism; Human Rights; Economy; Foreign Affairs: Morocco; France; European Union; The United States. Map and table. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find report.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations
After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process consisting of bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon achieved mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1993, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control, the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994, and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed ...
The Middle East Peace Talks
After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process was begun, with Israel and the Palestinians discussing a five-year period of interim self-rule leading to a final settlement. Israel and Syria discussed Israeli withdrawal from the Golan Heights in exchange for peace. Israel and Jordan discussed relations. Israel and Lebanon focused on Israel's withdrawal from its self-declared security zone in south Lebanon and reciprocal Lebanese actions. On September 13, 1993, Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) signed a Declaration of Principles (DOP), providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control. Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein of Jordan signe...
Israel
"On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence and was immediately engaged in a war with all of its neighbors. Armed conflict has marked every decade of Israel's existence. Despite its unstable regional environment, Israel has developed a vibrant parliamentary democracy, albeit with relatively fragile governments. Most recently, the Kadima Party placed first in the March 28, 2006, Knesset (parliament) election, and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert formed a four-party coalition government. Israel has an advanced industrial, market economy in which the government plays a substantial role. The economy is now doing very well, and increased social spending is expected."--Page 2.
