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Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria - I
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are a major limiting factor to quality and productivity of many ornamentals, horticultural and other economically important agriculture crops worldwide. Annual losses due to phytoplasma diseases in many crops vary, but under the pathogen favorable conditions they always lead to disastrous consequences to farming community. As there is no effective cure for phytoplasma diseases, the management options emphasize on their exclusion, minimizing their spread by insect vectors and propagation materials and on development of host plant resistance. The phytoplasma associated plant diseases have a history of more than 50 years. Phytoplasmas have undoubtedly infected pl...
Dix-huit fructidor
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Economics and Ecology of Diversification
The monoculture systems that have been encouraged by governments since the 1960s have led to major socio-economic and environmental crises. Now the diversification of tree crop systems is advancing throughout the tropics. Why and when does diversification take place? What categories of farmers diversify? What obstacles do they have to overcome, and how do public and private policies interfere in this process? How do land use systems and landscapes evolve as a result of this diversification? According to the authors of this volume, diversification is certainly a response to market risks, but also to the depletion of environmental resources. Ecological changes such as declining soil fertility and increasing pressure from pests, diseases and weeds intensify at the end of monoculture cycles, driving crop change and diversification of farming systems. Through 15 case studies from Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Pacific, the authors provide us with in-depth insights into the economy and ecology of family agriculture and its recent developments.
Tropical Agriculture
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Cultures pérennes tropicales
Dans toutes les régions tropicales humides, la diversification des cultures pérennes tropicales (cacaoyer, caféier, cocotier, hévéa, palmier à huile, arbres plantés pour le bois d’œuvre) progresse, comme une nécessité incontournable, En effet, la monoculture, fortement encouragée par les gouvernements depuis les années 1960, a conduit à une crise socio-économique majeure. Pourquoi et quand se déclenchent ces processus de diversification ? Quel type de planteur est concerné ? Quelles sont les contraintes à la diversification ? Comment interfèrent les politiques publiques et les actions privées ? Quelles sont les évolutions des cultures et des systèmes agricoles ? D’ap...
