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On Formants
A book on how formants behave in acoustic tubes. An initial step in relating vowel acoustics to vowel articulation.
Speech Spectrum Analysis
The accurate determination of the speech spectrum, particularly for short frames, is commonly pursued in diverse areas including speech processing, recognition, and acoustic phonetics. With this book the author makes the subject of spectrum analysis understandable to a wide audience, including those with a solid background in general signal processing and those without such background. In keeping with these goals, this is not a book that replaces or attempts to cover the material found in a general signal processing textbook. Some essential signal processing concepts are presented in the first chapter, but even there the concepts are presented in a generally understandable fashion as far as ...
Phonetic Analysis of Speech Corpora
An accessible introduction to the phonetic analysis of speech corpora, this workbook-style text provides an extensive set of exercises to help readers develop the necessary skills to design and carry out experiments in speech research. Offers the first step-by-step treatment of advanced techniques in experimental phonetics using speech corpora and downloadable software, including the R programming language Introduces methods of analyzing phonetically-labelled speech corpora, with the goal of testing hypotheses that often arise in experimental phonetics and laboratory phonology Incorporates an extensive set of exercises and answers to reinforce the techniques introduced Accessibly written wit...
Elements of Acoustic Phonetics
This revised and expanded edition of a classic textbook provides a concise introduction to basic concepts of acoustics and digital speech processing that are important to linguists, phoneticians, and speech scientists. The second edition includes four new chapters that cover new experimental techniques in acoustic phonetics made possible by the use of computers. Assuming no background in physics or mathematics, Ladefoged explains concepts that must be understood in using modern laboratory techniques for acoustic analysis, including resonances of the vocal tract and the relation of formants to different cavities; digital speech processing and computer storage of sound waves; and Fourier analy...
The Significance of the Second Formant in Speech Intelligibility
A new experiment is reported in which contributions of the first and second formants to the intelligibility of clipped speech are measured. The data confirm that the second formant is a major contributor to speech intelligibility. A second formant tracker was designed and built that examines the behavior of the formant in connected speech. It employs a transient approach to analysis of speech signals that contrasts with more generally used Fourier methods. Examination of the outputs for many speakers shows a logarithmic similarity among outputs for the same words enunciated by many speakers. Implications of this finding are discussed. A real-time speech analysis-synthesis apparatus was const...
Speech: A dynamic process
Speech: A dynamic process takes readers on a rigorous exploratory journey to expose them to the inherently dynamic nature of speech. The book addresses an intriguing question: Based only on physical principles alone, can the exploitation of a simple acoustic tube evolve into an optimal speech production system comparable to the one we possess? In the work presented, the tube is deformed step by step with the sole criterion of expending minimum effort to obtain maximum acoustic variations. At the end of this process, the tube is found divided into distinctive regions and an acoustic space emerges capable of generating speech sounds. Attaching this tube to a model, an inherently dynamic and ef...
Forming Formants
"The familiar adage from the old Italian school of singing, "si canta come si parla," or "one sings as one speaks," is as familiar today as it was in centuries past. There is little argument, however, that the requirements of acoustic, classical singing differ from speech in at least three important ways: projection, intonation, and duration. In order to meet the musical and expressive demands of acoustic, classical vocal music, it would stand to reason that the manner in which a singer shapes the cavities and utilizes the articulators would differ from speech using the primary vowels /i e a o u/ as a point of reference, this document will begin by describing standard vocal tract configuration during speech. It will then take a chronological approach to detailing vocal tract shaping and use of articulators as they are outlined in both seminal and current vocal pedagogy texts. Finally, this document will attempt to categorize these findings to point out similarities and differences in thought"--Abstract.
Phonetics
Speech is the most effective medium humans use to exchange and transmit knowledge, ideas and experiences. It exists physiologically as neural and muscular activity, and subsequent articulatory, acoustic and auditory events, and as an abstract, rule-governed system at the psychological level. Together, both levels produce communication by speech. To appreciate speech and its communicative function, all of its characteristics must be understood. This book offers the most comprehensive and accessible coverage of the three areas of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory or speech perception. Students without a linguistics background can be daunted by phonetics, so clear language is used to define linguistics and phonetics concepts with examples and illustrations to ensure understanding. Furthermore, each chapter concludes with comprehension exercises to reinforce understanding. Online exercises and recordings of speech stimuli from various languages provide additional opportunity to hone perception, production, phonetic transcription skills and acoustic analysis measurement practice.
