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Introduction -- The competition between nobility and bourgeoisie for dominance over arts and culture -- The role of donors in shaping the intellectual elite -- Private funding for national research projects and institutes -- Philanthropy and the shaping of the working-class family -- Civil society in an authoritarian state: German philanthropy on the eve of the First World War -- The slow decline of philanthropy and civil society -- Conclusion
This book explores the rise of theoretical physics in 19th century Germany. The authors show how the junior second physicist in German universities over time became the theoretical physicist, of equal standing to the experimental physicist. Gustav Kirchhoff, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Max Planck are among the great German theoretical physicists whose work and career are examined in this book. Physics was then the only natural science in which theoretical work developed into a major teaching and research specialty in its own right. Readers will discover how German physicists arrived at a well-defined field of theoretical physics with well understood and generally accepted goals and needs. The...